Shift #
Number of realizations
38
to see/to look at
→
to care for, look after
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Marshallese |
| Lexeme |
lale |
| Meaning 1 |
see, look |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
perserve, look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tibetan |
| Lexeme |
ltos-pa |
| Meaning 1 |
to look, to watch |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to take care |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Рерих 3, 393. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Vietnamese |
| Lexeme |
nhìn |
| Meaning 1 |
see |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Zulu |
| Lexeme |
beka |
| Meaning 1 |
look |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of, look after, watch, supervise |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tigre |
| Lexeme |
ʔattaḳbala |
| Meaning 1 |
to look |
wa-ʔəb la-ʔənkərā la-gəbuḥ waʕagā ʔət lattaḳbəllo ʔəgəl la-́ṣəgādu ḥagḥaga
"'and he scrubbed his neck with its blunt side, while the monkey was watching him' (PPEA I:13, line 20)" |
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after smth |
məndi ləddarre dib šābrā; ʔadugātu lattaḳbəl
"'when he descends to Shabra, he watches his donkeys' (PPEA III:526, L. 714, line 15)" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
LH 248.Presumably the shift is from 'to shepherd' to 'to watch'. Formally the verb is causative from one of the following verbs: ḳabbala 'accept', ̣ʔaḳbala 'retrun' ḳābala 'go to the other side' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Egyptian |
| Lexeme |
nw |
| Meaning 1 |
see, look |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of, look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 177 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Nahuatl |
| Lexeme |
īxōtiā |
| Meaning 1 |
keep watch |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of something, look after something, keep watch |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
īx-tli 'face, surface, eye' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Swahili |
| Lexeme 1 |
angalia |
| Lexeme 2 |
mwangalizi |
| Meaning 1 |
look at, be careful |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
a careful, observant person, caretaker, guardian |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Kurux |
| Lexeme |
ērnā (īryas) |
| Meaning 1 |
look, see |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 177 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
English |
| Lexeme 1 |
see |
| Lexeme 2 |
see (to smth.) |
| Meaning 1 |
to see |
cats see well at night
"cats see well at night" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to watch, to look after |
to see to the children
"to see to the children" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
The change in subcategorization frame. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Russian |
| Lexeme 1 |
smotret' |
| Lexeme 2 |
smotret' (za kem-l.) |
| Meaning 1 |
to see, to watch |
смотреть на звезды
"to watch stars" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after |
смотреть за больным
"to look after a patient" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
The change in subcategorization frame. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tabassaran |
| Lexeme |
libgub |
| Meaning 1 |
to look |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look, to watch |
бицIидариз лигуб
"to look after the children" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(TabRus 217) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Geez |
| Lexeme |
ḥawwaṣa |
| Meaning 1 |
to look on, peep, observe |
wa-təḫewwəṣ ʔəḫtu ʔəmrəḥuḳ kama tāʔmər mənt təbaṣṣəḥo (Ex. 2:4) 'and his sister watches him from far away in order to know what happens to him' |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after, take care of, be solicitous |
wa-hallo 1 radʔ... za-yəḥewwəṣā wa-yətʔallakā (Walatta Petros 38)
"and there was assistant who looked after her and served her" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(LGz. 250) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tuvan |
| Lexeme |
көр- |
| Meaning 1 |
to look; to see |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for |
мал көөр
"to look after the cattle" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
The same in Yak. Көр-. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Akkadian |
| Lexeme |
amāru |
| Meaning 1 |
to see, to look |
suʯrum... kidam la imaru kunkamma idnaum
"the servant must not see the necklace, give it to him in a package" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after, to take care of |
1)ina kapriu libma bssu u eqelu limur
"1)'let him stay in his village and look after his home and his field 2)'you did not look after the flock, you are careless'" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
(CAD AII 5) |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
English |
| Lexeme 1 |
look |
| Lexeme 2 |
look after |
| Meaning 1 |
to look |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Karaim |
| Lexeme |
бакъ- |
| Meaning 1 |
to look |
анасына бакъ та, къызыны ал
"look at the mother and ask the daughter in marriage (saying)" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for |
бакъсан-багъ, бакъмасанъ-дагъ
"If you take care of it, it will turn into a garden, if you don't, it will turn into a wood (saying)" |
| Reference |
KRPS 99 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Karaim |
| Lexeme |
сакла- |
| Meaning 1 |
protect, guard, preserve |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to watch (over), to keep an eye (on) |
|
| Reference |
Gajdarži et al. 1973 461 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Sumerian |
| Lexeme 1 |
igi-du + ni |
| Lexeme 2 |
igi-du-nà-a |
| Meaning 1 |
look at something, see |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
someone who looks after someone/something |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Also igi-ĝál 'look at; keep watch' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Hausa |
| Lexeme 1 |
dība |
| Lexeme 2 |
bedauye dibi |
| Meaning 1 |
look at, look for |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
guard, watch, keep safe |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000. 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Malagasy |
| Lexeme 1 |
miandrànda |
| Lexeme 2 |
miàndary |
| Meaning 1 |
hope for, look up |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
expect, take care of |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Kwamera |
| Lexeme |
-ata amasan |
| Meaning 1 |
see good |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
protect, look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Gude |
| Lexeme |
nəngə |
| Meaning 1 |
watch |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
look after, take care of |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 177 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Hungarian |
| Lexeme 1 |
néz |
| Lexeme 2 |
utána nez |
| Meaning 1 |
look at, look for, consider |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
utána 'after' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Mongolian (Khalkha) |
| Lexeme |
hara- |
| Meaning 1 |
look (at) |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
guard, supervise, look after someone |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Finnish |
| Lexeme |
katsoa |
| Meaning 1 |
look at |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of, look after |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 177 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Khmer |
| Lexeme |
mə:l |
| Meaning 1 |
see |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
take care of |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Turkish |
| Lexeme |
bak- |
| Meaning 1 |
look |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
care of, look after, tend |
hastaya bak
"to look after a patient" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Yir Yoront |
| Lexeme 1 |
karr |
| Lexeme 2 |
mon=karr |
| Meaning 1 |
see |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
accompany and look after, take care of |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Manchu |
| Lexeme |
tuwa- |
| Meaning 1 |
look |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
oversee |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Haser 2000, 178 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Gaagudju |
| Lexeme 1 |
goro-garra |
| Lexeme 2 |
goro-garra-garra |
| Meaning 1 |
to see |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after |
|
| Reference |
Evans, Wilkins 2000 574 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Kunwinjku |
| Lexeme 1 |
nan |
| Lexeme 2 |
nahnan |
| Meaning 1 |
to see |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to look after, watch over, care for, look out for |
|
| Reference |
Evans, Wilkins 2000 574 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Gagauz |
| Lexeme |
бакмаа (bakmaa) |
| Meaning 1 |
to see/to look at |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for, look after |
|
| Reference |
Gajdarži et al. 1973 69 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Turkish |
| Lexeme |
bakmak |
| Meaning 1 |
to see/to look at |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for, look after |
hastaya bakmak
"to look after the patient (to watch at a person's bedside)" |
| Reference |
Jusipova 2005 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tamil |
| Lexeme |
pār- |
| Meaning 1 |
To see, look at, view, notice, observe |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
To look after, take care of, manage, superintend |
|
| Reference |
Tamil lexicon 2615 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Derivation |
| Language |
Kannada |
| Lexeme 1 |
kā (kād-), kāy (kād-/kāyd-), kāyi (kāyid-) |
| Lexeme 2 |
kāpāḍu |
| Meaning 1 |
to watch, to guard etc. |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to guard, take care of |
|
| Reference |
DEDR 132 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Meadow Mari |
| Lexeme |
ончаш |
| Meaning 1 |
to see/to look at |
ӱмбакыже ончаш
"to look at him" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for, look after |
йочам ончаш, сӧснам ончаш
"to take care of a child; to look after pigs" |
| Reference |
Marij jylme muter |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Hill Mari |
| Lexeme |
анжаш |
| Meaning 1 |
to see/to look at |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
to care for, look after |
|
| Reference |
Savatkova 2008 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|