Number of realizations
19
bitter
→
sorrowful
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swahili | |
| Lexeme | uchungu | |
| Meaning 1 | bitterness, bitter taste | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | bitterness, pain, disappointment (fig.) | |
| Reference | Polikanov | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | Also about physical pain - see 2498. | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Farsi | |
| Lexeme | تلخی talxi | |
| Meaning 1 | bitterness | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | grief, affliction | |
| Reference | Rubinčik 1970 page 393 | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ПРС 213. | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | ału | |
| Meaning 1 | too bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad, mournful | |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 17 | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | amargar | |
| Meaning 1 | to taste bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to upset | |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | Narumov 1995: 64 | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Geez | |
| Lexeme | marir | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | marira kona mes (Jes. 24:9) "the honey got bitter" |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | la-mənt ṣarāḫka ḫabeya ṣərāḫa marira wa-bəkaya (Hen. 65:5) "Why did you cry out to me with a sad wail and weeping?" |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | A common Semitic root, in nearly all Semitic languages it combines both meanings A and B | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme 1 | gor'kij | |
| Lexeme 2 | gore | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | горький перец "bitter pepper" |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | grief | горе "trouble, misery" |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | oth meanings are from "burn". | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | Taste proper comprehends sweet and bitter tastes |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | bitter grief; bitter tears |
| Reference | ODE | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | 'bitter' is a common intensificator, bitter cold. | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | dařn | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | АрмРС 179 | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Karaim | |
| Lexeme 1 | ацы | |
| Lexeme 2 | ацы- | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | ацы йемис "horse radish (lit. Bitter vegetable)" |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to be upset, to grieve | |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | КРПС 87, 89. | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tagalog | |
| Lexeme | mapaít | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | Таг 230 | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yakut | |
| Lexeme | аhый- | |
| Meaning 1 | to become sour, bitter | үүт аhыйбыт "the milk got sour" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to grieve, to mourn, to sorrow, to regret | сүтэрбит саатын аhыйар "He regrets the lost gun" |
| Reference | ||
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ЯРС 50. | |
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | amer | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | Charles, ayant goûté son café, le trouva trop amer "Having tasted his coffee, Charles found it too bitter" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | amers regrets "sorrowful regret" |
| Reference | Larousse online | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler "bitter mandels" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | bli bitter av all motgangen "to become sorrowful because of all the misfortune" |
| Reference | BO | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Danish | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitre mandler "bitter mandels" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, disappointed | |
| Reference | DDO | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swedish | |
| Lexeme | bitter | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | bitter choklad "bitter chocolate" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful, angry | på sin ålderdom blev han alltmer bitter och isolerad "in his old age he was becoming more and more bitter and lonely" |
| Reference | SAO | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | bitur | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sad | hún sagði þetta bitrum rómi "she said it in a sad voice" |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme | keserű | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | keserű orvosság "bitter medicine" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | keserű sírás "bitter tears" |
| Reference | Гальди 1974 page 366 | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Udmurt | |
| Lexeme | курыт | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | курыт синкылиос "горькие слезы" |
| Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||
| Realization | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Abaza | |
| Lexeme | ajʃa | |
| Meaning 1 | bitter | fatʃ’ ajʃa zəmfas at͡sχa aqaʕara ɡʲjəjdəram "one who has not had bitter food does not know the sweetness of honey (proverb)" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | sorrowful | aʒa ɕardala jwq’aq’rəkʷən jajʃaχjəjt’ "if you repeat a word many times it becomes bitter" |
| Reference | Tugov 1967 | |
| Related Languages | ||
| Comment | ||