to suffer
↔
to work
25 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme | κάμνω | |
| Meaning 1 | to suffer, to be sick, to be in distress | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to work till one drops | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme | πονέω | |
| Meaning 1 | to suffer, to be in distress | πονέω πλευρὰν γλωχῖνι to suffer from an arrow stuck in one's side |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to work, to be busy | πολλὰ πονέω, περὶ λήϊον πονέω to work a lot |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | 'работать' (Дворецкий), 'work hard' (LSJ) is listed as the first meaning | |
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Chechen | |
| Lexeme | q̇aḥēga | |
| Meaning 1 | towork, to toil | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to suffer | |
| Reference | Matsiyev, 1961: 250 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Classical Arabic | |
| Lexeme 1 | عُنِىَ (pass. voice) | |
| Lexeme 2 | عَانَى (III-stem) | |
| Meaning 1 | to work, to be occupied with sth. | عُنِىَ بِالأَمْرِ He became occupied with the affair. |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to endure, to suffer | عَانَى اشدّ المصاعب to endure the greatest hardships |
| Reference | Wehr: 762 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | peine | |
| Meaning 1 | work | homme de peine, peine perdue manual worker, vain work |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | grief, suffering | éprouver de la peine to suffer, to grief |
| Reference | BFRS | |
| Comment | The main meanig of Modern French peine is 'punishment, penalty'. The word came from Old French peine 'pain, suffering', from Latin poena 'penalty, punishment', from Ancient Greek ποινή 'penalty, fine'. The same in Italian pena 'punishment', 'suffering', 'labour, toil' | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Ingush | |
| Lexeme | q̇aḥega | |
| Meaning 1 | to labour, to strive | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to suffer | |
| Reference | Bekova et al. 2009: 420 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Itelmen | |
| Lexeme | пәрвэтʼэ- | |
| Meaning 1 | to suffer | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | 'to work hard, to toil, to labour | |
| Reference | PIRS: 210 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Karaim | |
| Lexeme | öмгяк | |
| Meaning 1 | labour, harvest | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | torment | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КРПС 440. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Karaim | |
| Lexeme | чэкиш- | |
| Meaning 1 | to suffer | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to try, to work hard | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КРПС 640. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | labor | |
| Meaning 1 | work | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | distress, suffering, pain, disease | Trojae supremus labor the greatest disaster of Ilion (Virgil) |
| Reference | Glare: 990-992 | |
| Comment | laboro, laborare 'to work' and 'to be distressed physically, to suffer from strain', 'to be in trouble of difficultes (other than purely phusical, to be distressed)', 'to be adversely affected (by), to suffer (from a defect, disadvantage etc)', 'to suffer from pain or disease' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lezgian | |
| Lexeme | зегьмет (zehmet) | |
| Meaning 1 | labour | зегьметдин гьакъи wages |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | hardships, torments; trouble, anxiety | зегьмет гун to bother, todisturb smn (=to give labour) |
| Reference | LezgRus: 129 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old East Slavic | |
| Lexeme | трудъ | |
| Meaning 1 | labour, work | къждо же свою мьздоу прииметь противоу своемоу троудоу every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour(1 Corinthians 3:8) |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | difficulty, troble; suffering; grief | чръпахутъ ми синее вино с трудомъ смѣшено were pouring me blue wine mixed with grief (The Tale of Igor's Campaign) |
| Reference | : 1007-1008 | |
| Comment | Also трудъ in Church Slavonic (Sedakova 2005, 363-364, D'jačenko 1899, 736-737). Standart Russian трудиться 'to work', dialectal 'to be ill', 'to suffer a serious illness', 'to suffer before death', 'to experience death agony' (Он доўго, бедной, трудився 'Poor guy, he suffered a long time' Vologda, Dilaktorskij 2006, 511), Belarusan трудование 'effort' (Великого стоило трудования покуль уладзили дело 'It took a lot of effort to settle this') and 'suffering of illness' (Великое выцерпев трудованне, покуль вызыбався от хворобы 'Suffered a great deal of suffering before recovering from disease') Nosovič 1870, 641, труднаваць 'to suffer', трудносць 'indigence, misfortune, trouble, distress', 'suffering of illness', трудзiцця 'to suffer' (Ён месяц трудзiцца са сваей зломаннай нагой 'He has been suffering for a month because of his broken leg') Varłyha 1970, 138. Czech high style trud 'sadness, grief, sorrow', trudný 'sad', truditi 'to sadden (mind, heart), to tire (one's arms, legs)' SSJČ 3, 885 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old French | |
| Language 2 | French | |
| Lexeme | travail | |
| Meaning 1 | suffering, torment | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | work (n.) | travail manuel manual labour |
| Reference | Sakhno 2009: 225 | |
| Comment | Old French traveillier 'to suffer' from Vulgar Latin *tripaliāre, present active infinitive of *tripaliō 'to torture; to toil, labor', from tripalium 'torture instrument', from Latin tripālis 'having three stakes'. Compare Franco-Provençal travalyer, Catalan treballar, Portuguese trabalhar and Spanish trabajar (Robert historique 3900). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old Irish | |
| Language 2 | Irish Gaelic | |
| Lexeme 1 | dúad | |
| Lexeme 2 | dúa | |
| Meaning 1 | suffering | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | work | |
| Reference | LEIA-D: D-207 | |
| Comment | from early Goidelic *du-saeth 'heavy suffering, pain'; Modern Irish 'work', 'trouble'. Expression: gan dúa 'no problem'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old Slavonic | |
| Lexeme | страдати (stradati) | |
| Meaning 1 | to work hard, to toil | и видѣвъ ѩ страждѫштѩ въ гребениi And he saw them toiling in rowing (Mark 6:48) |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to suffer | отрокъ мои лежитъ в дому ослабленъ. лютѣ ѣко страждѧ my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented (Matthew 6:8) |
| Reference | Cejtlin et al. 1994: 626 | |
| Comment | Also Standart Russian страдать 'to suffer' and dialectal 'to hay, to mow' Pechora, Karelia (Сухо лето было, хорошо страдать 'Summer was dry, good for haymowing'SRGK 6, 357); страдать, страдовать 'to reap, to crop, to harvest (crops)' Vologda, Dilaktorskij 2006, 483, страдовать 'to work on haymowing or harvesting crops' Ural. Standart Russian страда 'harvest time', figuratively 'hard work, exertion' and dialectal страда 'grief, sorrow, suffering; war' Vologda | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Old Slavonic | |
| Language 2 | Romanian | |
| Lexeme 1 | мучити | |
| Lexeme 2 | a munci | |
| Meaning 1 | to torture | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to work (physical or intellectual); to till the ground, to labour, to work hard; (high style and popular) to bear physical or moral sufferings; to torment | |
| Reference | DER: 538 | |
| Comment | Also muncă 'work; labour' from Slavic *mǫka 'torture, torment' (Old Church Slavonic мѫка, Serbian мука, Bulgarian мъка etc. Derksen 2008, 329, ESSJa 20, 136-138) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Osetin | |
| Lexeme | ūdxar | |
| Meaning 1 | torment | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | hard, back breaking work | |
| Reference | Abaev: 4, 10 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | мучиться (mučit'sja) | |
| Meaning 1 | to suffer | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to work hard (dialectal) | |
| Reference | SRNG: 19, 41 | |
| Comment | Also мука 'suffering' and dialectal 'hard, exhausting work' SRNG 18, 338, мучить 'to torment' and dialectal 'to use in work' (Заступ принесен, я и не мучила его 'Splitter brought, I have not used it' NOS 5, 112) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Russian | |
| Language 2 | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme 1 | мука | |
| Lexeme 2 | munka | |
| Meaning 1 | suffering, torment | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | work | alkotó munka creative work |
| Reference | Zaicz 2006 | |
| Comment | The Hungarian word munka originates from Late Common Slavic (before the loss of nasals) munka 'torture, suffering, pain'. The meaning 'suffering' of the Romanian munča is of Slavic origin, while the meaning 'work' is borrowed from Hungarian [Kniesza 1974] | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme 1 | trabajo | |
| Lexeme 2 | trabajos | |
| Meaning 1 | labour, work | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | sufferings, torments | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995: 752 | |
| Comment | The verb trabajar 'to work', (obsolete) 'to suffer' is from Vulgar Latin *tripaliāre, present active infinitive of *tripaliō, from tripalium 'a torture instrument', from Latin tripālis 'that which has three stakes', from tria + pālus. Compare Old French traveillier 'to suffer', French travailler 'to work', Portuguese trabalhar 'to work', Occitan trabalhar 'to work', Catalan treballar 'to work', Galician traballar 'to work; to struggle, to stirve', from French borrowed Italian travagliare 'to trouble, afflict or torment', 'to suffer'. The meaning of 'to suffer' has not been preserved in modern Spanish verb trabajar 'to work'. As transitive verb trabajar can mean 'to work (up); to treat; to process; to cultovate; to break in (horse), to disturb, to worry; to torment'. In Venezuelan Spanish expression estar trabajando keeps the meaning 'to suffer' (Firsova 2007). The substantive trabajo can mean 'suffering' only in plural. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | ñacay | |
| Meaning 1 | suffering | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | hard work, labour, toil | |
| Reference | Firsova 2004 | |
| Comment | Ecuadorian Spanish. Borrowed from Quechua ñacay 'suffering' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Syriac | |
| Lexeme | ʕamlā | |
| Meaning 1 | pain, trouble, weariness | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | labour, travail, toil | |
| Reference | Payne Smith: 417 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Tigrinya | |
| Lexeme 1 | ṣäʕarä | |
| Lexeme 2 | täṣäʕarä | |
| Meaning 1 | to be in agony, to be in the death throes; to moan, groan | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | to toil, work hard, strive, to exert oneself | |
| Reference | TED: 2603 | |
| Comment | The verb täṣäʕarä has also the meaning 'to be in labor (woman)' (TED 2603). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Uzbek | |
| Lexeme | zahmat | |
| Meaning 1 | labour | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | suffering, trial, difficulty | |
| Reference | Azizov, Rezaeva 1989 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Yakut | |
| Lexeme | эрэй- | |
| Meaning 1 | suffering, torment, torture | эрэй бөҕөнү көрдө He has suffered a lot |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | hard labour | окко мин эрэйим эмиэ барбыта in the process of hay making |
| Reference | Slepcov 1972: 546 | |
| Comment | ||
usually 'to work' → 'to work hard, to toil, to labour' → 'to suffer from hard work' → 'to suffer', but there are some examples of opposite direction 'to suffer' → 'to suffer from hard work' → 'to work'