Shift #
Number of realizations
38
earth, soil
→
country, land
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Itelmen |
| Lexeme |
сəмт |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Володин, Халоймова 82 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Japanese |
| Lexeme |
chi (地) |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
region |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
EDICT. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Russian |
| Lexeme |
zemlja |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground |
Растирать в ладонях землю.
"to rub earth in one's hands" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
Новгородская земля
"The land of Novgorod" |
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Karaim |
| Lexeme |
йэр |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, country, region |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
КРПС 273 |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Mongolian (Khalkha) |
| Lexeme |
gaʒar |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
place |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Karaim |
| Lexeme |
топрах |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, dust |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
region, land |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
КРПС 538. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Tibetan |
| Lexeme |
shing-sa |
| Meaning 1 |
soil, earth |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
region, province |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Рерих VIII, 74. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Farsi |
| Lexeme |
зäмин |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
ПРС 420. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Sanskrit |
| Lexeme |
pṛthvī |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
Also the name of the godess of earth. Cf. also pṛthvī-tala 'ground surface, soil', 'world' |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Farsi |
| Lexeme |
хак |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil, sand |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
ПРС 298-299. |
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Old English |
| Lexeme |
land, lond |
| Meaning 1 |
soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
lot, country |
|
| Reference |
|
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Hungarian |
| Lexeme |
föld |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
fagyos föld
"frozen ground" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
|
| Reference |
Гальди 1974 253 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Yaqui (Hiaki) |
| Lexeme |
bwia |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, land, soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
area, region, country |
|
| Reference |
Dictionary Yaqui 17 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Lakota |
| Lexeme |
makȟá |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, estate |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Yankton-Yanktonai |
| Lexeme |
makȟá |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, estate |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Santee-Sisseton |
| Lexeme |
makhá |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground; dirt, soil, dust |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, estate |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Lowland Oaxaca Chontal |
| Lexeme |
amats’ |
| Meaning 1 |
soil |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
earth, ground, land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Seri |
| Lexeme |
hant |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, dirt, land |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, place |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Cochimi |
| Lexeme |
ʔ-met ~ ʔ-mat |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
place |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Kiliwa |
| Lexeme |
ʔmat |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, place |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Iipay |
| Lexeme |
ʔəmat ~ mat ~ ʔəmaṭ |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground, dirt, clay |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Ko’alh |
| Lexeme |
maṭ̌ |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Cocopa |
| Lexeme |
maṭ |
| Meaning 1 |
ground, dirt, earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, country, (city) lot |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Quechan |
| Lexeme |
ʔəmaṭ |
| Meaning 1 |
land, dirt, clay |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
territory, place, country, continent |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Maricopa |
| Lexeme |
ʔmat ~ mat |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, field |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Kitanemuk |
| Lexeme |
tɨva-č |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Serrano |
| Lexeme |
tiyʳvac |
| Meaning 1 |
earth; ground |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Ventureño |
| Lexeme |
šup |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Barbareño |
| Lexeme |
shup |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground, soil, dirt |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Ineseño |
| Lexeme |
šup |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil, dirt |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
place |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Central Hill Nisenan |
| Lexeme |
k’aw |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, ground |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
place |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Wikchamni |
| Lexeme |
pʰaʔan |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Molala |
| Lexeme |
laŋs |
| Meaning 1 |
earth |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
|
| Reference |
Zhivlov 2019 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Komi |
| Lexeme |
му (mu) |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
вына му
"fertile soil" |
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
мӧд муысь вои
"I came from another country" |
| Reference |
Beznosikova et al. 2000 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Udmurt |
| Lexeme |
му (mu) |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
гордсюй му
"clay soil" |
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
plot of field, area |
картофка му
"plot of field under the potato" |
| Reference |
Kirillova 2008 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Meadow Mari |
| Lexeme |
мланде (mlande) |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil, ground |
Мландым куралаш
"plow the ground" |
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land, country, state, locality, place, owned territory |
Йот мланде
"foreign land" |
| Reference |
Marij jylme muter |
| Related Languages |
Also Hill Mary мӱлӓндӹ |
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Mansi |
| Lexeme |
мā (mā) |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
— |
|
| Meaning 2 |
country, land |
|
| Reference |
Afanas'eva, Sobjanina 2012 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|
| Realization |
| Type |
Polysemy |
| Language |
Udmurt |
| Lexeme |
музъем |
| Meaning 1 |
earth, soil |
|
| Direction |
→ |
|
| Meaning 2 |
land |
|
| Reference |
Kirillova 2008 |
| Related Languages |
|
| Comment |
|