breathing
→
animal
6 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme 1 | anima | |
| Lexeme 2 | animal, -ālis | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | animam continere "сдерживать дыхание" |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | animal | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Glare 132, 133 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Old Slavonic | |
| Language 2 | Gothic | |
| Lexeme 1 | дыхати | |
| Lexeme 2 | dius | |
| Meaning 1 | to breath | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | animal | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Also Old icel. dӯr, Old Engl. dēor, Old High Germ. tior. The word meaning in English later became more narrow - it started meaning just 'deer'. Lehmann 92-93 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old Slavonic | |
| Lexeme | дыханиѥ | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | living being, live creature | отъ в’сего дыханиѣ страхомь славитъ сѧ прѣс<вѧ>тое имѧ твое all living beings praise your holy name with fear |
| Reference | Cejtlin et al. 1994: 202 | |
| Comment | Slavic word was borrowed to Romanian dihanie 'wild animal; beast; strange, monstrous being, monster; living being, creature' DEX98, DER | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | suflare | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | living being, live creature; people | |
| Reference | DEX98 | |
| Comment | From a sufla 'to breath' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme 1 | prāṇa- | |
| Lexeme 2 | prāṇin- | |
| Meaning 1 | breath of life , breath , respiration , spirit , vitality | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | living or sentient being , living creature , animal or man | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | MW 705-706 | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Tundra Yukaghir | |
| Lexeme 1 | аҕараану- | |
| Lexeme 2 | аҕарэндьэрукун | |
| Meaning 1 | to breath | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | live being, animal | |
| Reference | Kurilov 2001: 26-27 | |
| Comment | ||
This semantic shift is closely related to the shifts ‘breathe’ → ‘soul’, ‘breathe’ → ‘person’, ‘breathe’ → ‘life’, ‘wind’ → ‘soul’, ‘to live’ → ‘animal’, ‘soul’ → ‘animal’. Buck 138, Russo 2011