Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 2716 | monarch | — | husband | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Aghul | |
| Lexeme | ijesi | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Akhvakh | |
| Lexeme | минарēкlва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | машиналlи минарēкlва car owner |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | йашолlи минарēкlва daughter's husband |
| Reference | Magomedova, Abdulaeva 2007: 295 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Amharic | |
| Lexeme | bal | |
| Meaning 1 | master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | AED | |
| Comment | From Proto-Semitic *baʕl-: Akkadian bēlum 'lord; proprietor, owner, Bel (god)', also epithet of other deities, particularly Marduk, Arabic baʿl 'husband', 'Baal (god)', Punic bʿl 'lord, master; Baal; burgher, citizen', Ugaritic bʿl /baʿlu/ 'lord, owner', 'Baal', Old South Arabian bʿl 'lord, master', Tigrinya bäʿal 'master', Mehr: bāl 'owner', abɛ́li 'God', Shehri báʕal 'owner', bʕéhl 'owner', ʔɔʕź 'God', ʔɔ̄ʕź 'God', ʔɔ́ʕɔź 'God', Soqotri: baʕ- 'owner' (with pronominal suffixes only), di-báḥlʼe 'the owner of” (before nouns only), báʕlʼhi 'my Lord' (Kogan 2015). See below polysemy in Aramaic, Classical Syriac, Modern Hebrew, Phoenician. |
|
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Internal cognates | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme 1 | δεσ-πότης | |
| Lexeme 2 | πόσις | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master; ruler, despot, owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Derksen 2015: 346 | |
| Comment | Ancient Greek δεσπότης from an original phrase from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis 'master of the house', from *dṓm 'house', whence also Ancient Greek δόμος 'house'; and *pótis 'master'; with an ending influenced by -της (masculine adjectival suffix). Cognate with Sanskrit dám-pati (दम्पति) 'lord of the house'. Descendants of Proto-Indo-European *pótis also are Albanian pata 'I had (aorist)', 'I was in possession of something', Lithuanian pàts 'husband', 'self (singular masculine)', Proto-Slavic *potь (in *gospodь and *potьběga 'divorced wife'), Gothic *faþs (attested only in compounds brūþfaþs 'bridegroom', hundafaþs 'centurion', swnagōgafaþs 'leader of a synagogue', þūsundifaþs 'tribune, leader of thousand'), Sanskrit páti 'lord, master, owner, husband', Avestan paiti 'husband, lord, master', Classical Armenian pet (պետ) 'chief, commander' (from Parthian *pet), Middle Persian -pt' (/-bed/) 'lord, master', Persian -bod 'lord, master', Latin possum 'I can, I am able'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Hebrew | |
| Lexeme | baʕal | |
| Meaning 1 | possessor | baʕălē gōyim; Js 16:8: 'the rules of nations': Ex. 22:7: 'master of household' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | ʔēšet-ḥayil ʕăṭeret baʕəlāh Pr 12:4: 'a hard working wife is a crown for her husband' |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | HALAT 136. The Semitic cognates have both meanings. | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Assamese | |
| Lexeme | girī (গিৰী) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Candrakānta abhidhāna: 295 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Avar | |
| Lexeme | бетІергьанчи | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | гьаб гІакдал бетІергьанчи щив? who is the owner of this cow? |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | долъул бетІергьанчи гьабихъе ана her husband went to the mill |
| Reference | Gimbatov 2006: 145 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Avestan | |
| Lexeme | paiti | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bengali | |
| Lexeme | śami (স্বামী) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bezhta | |
| Lexeme | бетІергьан | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master, lord | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Khalilov 1995: 44 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | стопанин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Bernštejn 1966: 635 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Digor Ossetian | |
| Lexeme 1 | хецау (xecaw) | |
| Lexeme 2 | cæрихецау (særyxīcaw) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Abaev: 3, 91 | |
| Comment | Lit. 'the head's owner'. Secondary synonym of лӕг and мой 'husband'. |
|
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Fula | |
| Lexeme | jom | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Bah Saggitorde Oumar. Dictionnaire Pulaar-Français 2009 137 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Geez | |
| Language 2 | Amharic | |
| Lexeme 1 | baʕala bet | |
| Lexeme 2 | baläbet | |
| Meaning 1 | head of household (LGz. 83, 116) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband (K 865) | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hindi | |
| Lexeme | svāmī (स्वामी) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, lord, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | bóndi | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | Hún unni bónda sínum. She loves her husband. |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Igbo | |
| Lexeme | di | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | di nwe ünö master of the house |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Echeruo 2001: 38 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Iron Ossetian | |
| Lexeme 1 | хицау (xīcaw) | |
| Lexeme 2 | cæрыхицау (særyxīcaw) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Abaev: 3, 91 | |
| Comment | Lit. 'the head's owner'. Secondary synonym of лӕг and мойнӕ 'husband'. |
|
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Japanese | |
| Lexeme | shujin (主人) | |
| Meaning 1 | someone's master; owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (humble) (one's own) husband | |
| Reference | BJaRS | |
| Comment | From Middle Chinese 主人 'master, owner' |
|
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Jewish Aramaic | |
| Lexeme | baʿlā | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | CAL | |
| Comment | Common Aramaic |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | nalla | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary: 565 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | pati | |
| Meaning 1 | (in compounds) lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | (formal, literary) a husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary: 617 | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit pati. |
|
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | nātha | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, protector, patron, master, ruler, lord | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | dhava (ಧವ) | |
| Meaning 1 | possessor | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kittel 1968-1971: 871 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Karata | |
| Lexeme | минаркIва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Magomedova, Khalidova 2001: 222 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Khmer | |
| Lexeme | saaməy (សាមី) | |
| Meaning 1 | boss, owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Khmer | |
| Comment | Borrowed from Pali sāmin, from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lao | |
| Lexeme | sá wăː míː (ສວາມີ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Livvi-Karelian | |
| Lexeme | ižändü | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Makarov 1990: 97 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Malto (Sauria Paharia, references do not distinguish from Kumarbhag Paharia) | |
| Lexeme | ḍāwe | |
| Meaning 1 | husband | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | master of the house | |
| Reference | Mahapatra 1987: 65 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Manipuri (Meitei) | |
| Lexeme 1 | mapu (ꯃꯄꯨ) | |
| Lexeme 2 | ipuroiba (ꯏꯄꯨꯔꯣꯏꯕ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (my) husband | |
| Reference | Sharma 2006: 22 | |
| Comment | [1pp‑owner‑to be‑Nom] |
|
| NEW Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Mbunga | |
| Lexeme | bambu | |
| Meaning 1 | master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Modern Hebrew | |
| Lexeme | bá'al (בַּעַל) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | English Wiktionary | |
| Comment | When בעל has the sense of husband, it is always inflected to indicate a possessor. In the case that its possessor is not a personal pronoun, this produces some redundancy; for example, "Miriam's husband" is translated as בעלה של מרים (ba`aláh shel Miryam), which literally means "her-husband of Miriam". (This sort of construction can occur with other nouns as well, but usually only in more formal contexts.) When בעל has the sense of owner, it is seldom so inflected. |
|
| NEW Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bonde | |
| Meaning 1 | (land)owner, farmer | den gjeveste bonde fra Vinje gjeld var Dyre fra Vaa (J.S. Welhaven Samlede Digterverker III 61) the most generous farmer from Vinje was Dyre from Vaa |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | bonden selv var ikke hjemme The husband himself was not home. |
| Reference | NAOB | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| NEW Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bonde | |
| Meaning 1 | (land)owner, farmer | den gjeveste bonde fra Vinje gjeld var Dyre fra Vaa (J.S. Welhaven Samlede Digterverker III 61) the most generous farmer from Vinje was Dyre from Vaa |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | bonden selv var ikke hjemme The husband himself was not home. |
| Reference | NAOB | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old English | |
| Language 2 | English | |
| Lexeme 1 | husbonda | |
| Lexeme 2 | husband | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Bosworth, Toller 568) Also: [7] Mihajlova T.A. O logike semanticheskoj derivacii v vozniknovenii i ehvolyucii terminov svojstva: dr.irl. aithech tige vs. dr.angl. husband // Vestnik MGU. Seriya 9. Filologiya, № 4, 2013, ss. 126-137. | |
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Pali | |
| Lexeme | pati | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master, owner, leader | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | PTS: 405 | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit |
|
| NEW Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Pali | |
| Lexeme | sāmin | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, ruler, lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | PTS: 705 | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Phoenician | |
| Lexeme | bʿl | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, lord | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Krahmalkov 2000: 110-111 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Polci | |
| Lexeme | baa keen | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Punjabi | |
| Lexeme | patí (ਪਤੀ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Singh 1895: 886 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | domn | |
| Meaning 1 | mister, also term of address to a man | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (popular) husband | |
| Reference | Seche 2002 DRRS: 1, 733 | |
| Comment | From Late Latin domnus from Latin dominus | |
| NEW Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | gospodar | |
| Meaning 1 | ‘master, owner’, ‘peasant, owner of a peasant household’, ‘master, head of family’ | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (popular, colloquial, dated) husband | |
| Reference | DRRS: 1, 933 DEX98 MDA2 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | хозяин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (dialect) husband | Хозяин-то мой шофером на войне был, то и живой пришел My husband was a driver in the war, so he returned alive |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Словарь пермских говоров. Вып. 2. 507 |
|
| NEW Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | svāmín (स्वामिन्) | |
| Meaning 1 | an owner, proprietor, master, lord or owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband, lover | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | Borrowed to Oriya swami 'husband' |
|
| NEW Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | páti (पति) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner, possessor, lord, ruler, sovereign | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | Borrowed to Gujarati pati 'husband', Hindi, Urdu pati 'husband', Marathi patī 'husband', Punjabi patī 'husband', Malay, Indonesian suami 'husband', Khmer pdəy 'husband'. Assamese poi 'husband' is inherited from Prakrit paï. |
|
| NEW Realization 46 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Somali | |
| Lexeme | abbaanwarre | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Alejnikov 2012: 13 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 47 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Syriac | |
| Lexeme | baʿlā | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, lord | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Payne Smith: 556 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 48 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tamil | |
| Lexeme | āttu-k-kārar | |
| Meaning 1 | owner of the house | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Tamil lexicon: 225 | |
| Comment | from āḷ ‘to rule, reign over, govern’ (TL 254, in Participle form) + suffix ("doer") = "the one who rules over smth" | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 49 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tamil | |
| Lexeme | kiẓavaṉ | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Tamil lexicon: 936 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 50 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Telugu | |
| Lexeme | bharta (భర్త) | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit bhartā 'husband' |
|
| NEW Realization 51 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Thai | |
| Lexeme | sǎa-mii (สามี) | |
| Meaning 1 | (elegant) chief, lord, master; high priest, senior priest; owner, possessor | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (formal) husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Thai | |
| Comment | From Pali sāmin |
|
| NEW Realization 52 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tindi | |
| Lexeme | онгьекlва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Magomedova 2003: 276 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 53 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tver Karelian | |
| Lexeme | iz’än’d’ä | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Punžina 1994: 71 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 54 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Udmurt | |
| Lexeme | хозяин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | хозяинэ мынам со This is my husband |
| Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| Comment | From Russian |
|
| NEW Realization 55 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Yir Yoront | |
| Lexeme 1 | +konhrr | |
| Lexeme 2 | kort-konhrr | |
| Meaning 1 | owner of | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | kort 'vagina, vulva' Barry Alpher Yir-Yoront Lexicon. Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language. 1991. 191 |
|
Gedeo minika anna 'husband' lit. 'father of the house', 'owner of the house' from anna 'father', 'owner' (Wedekind)