<foreigner>
↔
monster (supernatural)
8 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 2155 | <foreigner> | → | giant | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Avestan | |
| Lexeme 1 | dāha- | |
| Lexeme 2 | dahāka- | |
| Meaning 1 | the tribe of dahi | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | demon | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Журавлев 2007, 97 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Buriat | |
| Lexeme | мангад | |
| Meaning 1 | Russian | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | many headed monster | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The meaning of 'Russian' emerged under the influence of the Manchu word polysemy. Аникин 2003, 515 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Borrowing | |
| Language 1 | Even | |
| Language 2 | Yakut | |
| Lexeme 1 | булэн | |
| Lexeme 2 | mülüön | |
| Meaning 1 | yukaghir (a Siberian tribe) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | mythic wild man, evil spirit | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Аникин 2000, 399 | |
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Khamnigan Mongol | |
| Lexeme 1 | mangad, mangud | |
| Lexeme 2 | mangad | |
| Meaning 1 | Russian (people) | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | monster (supernatural) | |
| Reference | Damdinov, Sundueva 2015: 200 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Manchu | |
| Lexeme | лоча | |
| Meaning 1 | Russian | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | demon haunting people | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Coincidence between words of different origin. In the first meaning it is the Samoyedic Manchu Tungus word for the Russians (Nen. луца, Enets. люотя, Evenk. луча), that in the end goes back to the Old Nenets луотса (< русский, Russian). The second comes from the Cin. luocha < Sanskr. rākšas 'evil demon'. | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Maori | |
| Lexeme 1 | pākehā | |
| Lexeme 2 | pākehakeha, pakepakehā | |
| Meaning 1 | a Māori-language term for New Zealanders primarily of European descent | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | mythical, human like being, with fair skin and hair who possessed canoes made of reeds which changed magically into sailing vessels | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Gray, Claire; Nabila, Jaber; Anglem, Jim (2013). "Pakeha Identity and Whitness: What does it mean to be White?". Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies. New Series. 10 (2): 84. doi:10.11157/sites-vol10iss2id223 Jodie Ranford. ‘Pakeha’, its origin and meaning // Maorinews.com https://maorinews.com/writings/papers/other/pakeha.htm |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Osetin | |
| Lexeme 1 | Rum | |
| Lexeme 2 | Rujmon | |
| Meaning 1 | Rome | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | a mythical monster | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | It is derived by means of the suffix -on, the same in ir-on 'Ossetian', digor-n 'Digor Ossetian' etc. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tagalog | |
| Lexeme | dambuhalà | |
| Meaning 1 | savage | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | monster | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Таг 104 | |
Об использовании образа европеца для пугания детей: [плохое поведение детей подавлялось] "...или даже угрозой позвать "чудовище", которое во многих африканских обществах изображается в виде белого человека, т. е. европейца ("позову тубиба" или какое-то равнозначное слово в других языках)". Д. Пирцио-Бироли Культурная антропология Тропической Африки. М., 2001. С. 283