to sing
→
to read
23 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Albanian | |
| Lexeme | këndoj | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | NorthEuraLex IDS | |
| Comment | kən'don in Tosk dialect CLICS-3 From Latin cantare 'to sing' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | oxumaq | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | Toyda mahnı oxumaq istəyirəm. Bu quşlar nə gözəl oxuyur! I want to sing a song at the wedding. These birds sing so beautifully! |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | Qəzet oxuyan qadın. Woman reading a newspaper. |
| Reference | Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bakhtiari | |
| Lexeme | xūn-, xūnd- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Dargwa (literary) | |
| Lexeme | but͡ʃʼes | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | NorthEuraLex | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Dari | |
| Lexeme | xvån- : xvånd- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Farsi | |
| Lexeme | خواندن xānd-an | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | خروس ميخواند xarus mi-xānad The rooster sings |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | اين كتاب را خواند in ketāb rā xānd I read this book |
| Reference | Rubinčik 1970: 574 ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Gilaki | |
| Lexeme | xan-, xand- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 460 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hehe | |
| Lexeme | imba | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Itonama | |
| Lexeme | yakane | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Khalaj | |
| Lexeme | hoqımaq | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kinga | |
| Lexeme | ukwimba | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kurmanji Kurdish | |
| Lexeme | xan-, xand- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Larestani | |
| Lexeme | xand- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ottoman Turkish | |
| Lexeme | okumak (اوقومق) | |
| Meaning 1 | to recite to chant; to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Redhouse, James W. (1890) A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 261 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Pangwa | |
| Lexeme | khuyimba | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sangu (Tanzania) | |
| Lexeme | kiyimba | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sorani Kurdish | |
| Lexeme | xēndim | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | Silêmanî dialect |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tabassaran | |
| Lexeme | урхув | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Northern dialect Khanag subdialect |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tajiki | |
| Lexeme | xon-, xond- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tat (Caucasus) | |
| Lexeme | xun-, xund- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Trinitario | |
| Lexeme | -hiro | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | okumak | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing; to chant, recite | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | Jusipova 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Xonj Larestani | |
| Lexeme | xod- | |
| Meaning 1 | to sing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to read | |
| Reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
| Comment | ||
In Iranian languages 'to sing, to recite, to read aloud' → 'to read' from Proto-Iranian *hu̯an-, *hun 'to sound', 'to speak loudly, to recite, to sing' ЭСИЯ 3, 459-461.
Proto-Turkic *okï- 'to call', 'to read' ЭСТЯ 1, 439-441
CLICS-3 724-1261