grandchild
—
grandparent
107 realizations
Multi-area
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Alune | |
| lexeme | upu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ambulas (Abelam) | |
| lexeme | maamu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Kundama et al. 1987: 48 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ambulas (Abelam) | |
| lexeme | waraga | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Kundama et al. 1987: 88 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Amis | |
| lexeme | fofo | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Bima (Austronesian) | |
| lexeme | oᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Bima (Austronesian) | |
| lexeme | waʔi | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Bontok | |
| lexeme | ʔápu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild, great grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent, great grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | term of address for all of one's relatives at the second (or greater) ascending or descending generation |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Buli (Indonesia) | |
| lexeme | bu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Buru | |
| lexeme | opo | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Casiguran Dumagat | |
| lexeme | apó | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Central Masela | |
| lexeme | ˈmɛm+ni | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dai | |
| lexeme | mɛmˈbi+on | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Deing | |
| lexeme | taler | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Deing | |
| lexeme | tapis | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Dibabawon | |
| lexeme | apu-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Djaru | |
| lexeme | ɖamiji | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild (daughter's son, daughter's daughter) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent (mother's father, mother's father's brother) | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Tsunoda, T. (1980) The Djaru language of Kimberley, Western Australia, Pacific Linguistics B-98, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. P. 11-13. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Djaru | |
| lexeme | gilagi | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild (son's son, son's daughter) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent (father's father, father's father's brother) | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Tsunoda, T. (1980) The Djaru language of Kimberley, Western Australia, Pacific Linguistics B-98, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. P. 11-13. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dobel (Kobro’or) | |
| lexeme | sabu+m | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Donggo | |
| lexeme | ompu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Doromu-Koki | |
| lexeme | aufa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Bradshaw 2021: 15 | |
| comment | Also bobada 'person three generations removed from ego; great grandparent/ great grandchild' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Doromu-Koki | |
| lexeme | bobada | |
| meaning 1 | great grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | great grandparent | |
| reference | Bradshaw 2021 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Emplawas | |
| lexeme | ˈmemi+ɛʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ende (Flores island) | |
| lexeme | əᵐbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Fataluku | |
| lexeme | t͡ɕaˈluwɛ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Finongan | |
| lexeme | afa | |
| meaning 1 | grandson | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | Rice 2015: 25-26 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Finongan | |
| lexeme | ambek | |
| meaning 1 | grandmother | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | granddaughter | |
| reference | Rice 2015: 29 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Fordata | |
| lexeme | ubu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | Also bubu 'reciprocal term of address between grandparents and grandchildren' |
|
| NEW Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gamilaraay | |
| lexeme | dhaadhaa | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (daughter’s son) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather (mother’s father) | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 53 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gizzra | |
| lexeme | boba (term of address), bobat (term of reference) | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Van Bodegraven Nico, van Bodegraven Elly. Gizrra-English Dictionary 24 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Grass Koiarj | |
| lexeme | ivahika | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Dutton 2003: 93 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Grass Koiarj | |
| lexeme | vahi, vahika | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Dutton 2003: 189 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Hanunoo | |
| lexeme | umpút | |
| meaning 1 | great-grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | great-grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | reciprocal term |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hawu (Sabu) | |
| lexeme | epu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ilocano | |
| lexeme | apó | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Imroing | |
| lexeme | ˈup+e | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Isneg (Isnag) | |
| lexeme | āpó | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Itbayaten | |
| lexeme | apo | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild, great grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent, great grandparten | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | vocative only |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kamaru | |
| lexeme | waowa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kambowa | |
| lexeme | oᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kankanaey | |
| lexeme | apó | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kâte | |
| lexeme | ŋosa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | Flierl, Strauss 1977: 251 | |
| comment | apa 'great grandparent , gread grandchild' page 7 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kâte | |
| lexeme | apa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Flierl, Strauss 1977: 7 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Kawi (Old Javanese) | |
| language 2 | Simeulue (Simalur) | |
| lexeme | ituŋ | |
| meaning 1 | great-great grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (Lekon dial.) grandmother | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Kei | |
| lexeme | ubu-n | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Keo (Nagé-Kéo) | |
| lexeme | eᵐbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 46 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Komodo | |
| lexeme | uᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 ACD | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 47 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Komodo | |
| lexeme | wai | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 48 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Kyaka | |
| lexeme | apusi | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | Draper & Draper 2002: 90 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 49 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Lakalai | |
| lexeme | pupu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | reciprocal term of address |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 50 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Liabuku | |
| lexeme | waowa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 51 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lio | |
| lexeme | mamo | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 52 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Luang (Wetan) | |
| lexeme | ˈupə | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 53 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mairasi | |
| lexeme | avu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Peckham: 72 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 54 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Makasae | |
| lexeme | dada | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 55 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malak-Malak | |
| lexeme | tjuan | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | tjuan etjang nga datma wu-ta dek wu-ta ki=we my grandpa and grandma were alive then and came to this place |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandson | |
| reference | Lindsay et al. 2017: 54 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 56 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Manggarai | |
| lexeme | əᵐpo | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 ACD | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'ancestor; taboo for a given clan (as certain animals); name for calling the spirits; nickname for crocodile; refined term for male and female genitals; very old' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 57 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Maranao | |
| lexeme | apo-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | ancestor | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 58 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mongondow | |
| lexeme | ompu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 59 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Moskona (Meninggo, Sabena) | |
| lexeme | medina | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 60 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mota | |
| lexeme | t-upu-i | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 61 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Mota | |
| lexeme | pupu-a | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | reciprocal term of address |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 62 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Muna | |
| lexeme | awa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 63 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nage | |
| lexeme | əˈbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | East Nage CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 64 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nali | |
| lexeme | tubru | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 65 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Narak | |
| lexeme | apóna | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | Hainsworth et al. 2019: 83 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 66 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Narak | |
| lexeme | kokáye | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | Hainsworth et al. 2019: 320 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 67 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nedebang | |
| lexeme | gətaja | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 68 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Nehan (Nissan) | |
| lexeme | tubu- | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | reciprocal term |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 69 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngardi | |
| lexeme | kilaki | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Cataldi 2011: 122 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 70 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngardi | |
| lexeme | kumpurru | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Cataldi 2011: 136 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 71 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | mayili | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (son's son) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather (father's father) | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 24 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 72 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | mabuji | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (daughter's son) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather (mother's father) | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 21 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 73 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | nhugunuwarra | |
| meaning 1 | son's son (in relation to his paternal grandfather); daughter's daughter (in relation to her paternal grandmother); daughter's son (thami) (in relation to his maternal grandfather); son's daughter (gantharri) (in relation to her maternal grandmother) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | paternal grandfather (in relation to his son's son); paternal grandmother (in relation to her daughter's daughter);.maternal grandfather (in relation to his daughter's son); maternal grandmother (in relation to her son's daughter) | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 33 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 74 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | thami | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (daughter's son). | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | maternal grandfather | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 35 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 75 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | gantharri | |
| meaning 1 | granddaughter (son's daughter) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | maternal grandmother | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 13 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 76 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ngarluma | |
| lexeme | ngabari | |
| meaning 1 | granddaughter (daughter's daughter) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother (father's mother) | |
| reference | Dixon et al. 2008: 27 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 77 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Numfor (Biak) | |
| lexeme | k-epu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 78 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Paiwan | |
| lexeme | vuvu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchildren | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparents | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 79 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Palawan Batak | |
| lexeme | ʔapó-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandson | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 80 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Palu'e | |
| lexeme | puː | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 81 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Pancana | |
| lexeme | wauwa | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | Kampeonaho CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 82 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Pancana | |
| lexeme | oᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | Labundoua and Todanga CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 83 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Rembong | |
| lexeme | oᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 ACD | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 84 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Rongga | |
| lexeme | əᵐbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 85 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Sarangani Manobo | |
| lexeme | apo-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 86 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Serua | |
| lexeme | ˈupnu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 87 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Southeast Babar | |
| lexeme | mɛˈmɛm | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 88 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Taba (East Makian, Makian Dalam) | |
| lexeme | bbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 89 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Takia | |
| lexeme | tbu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 90 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | peyartti | |
| meaning 1 | granddaughter | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | Tamil lexicon: 2863 | |
| comment | Meaning 1: "Grand-daughter, as bearing the same name as her grandmother". The form made by derivation from the lexeme "peyar" meaning "name". | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 91 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | pēraṉ | |
| meaning 1 | grandson | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | Tamil lexicon: 2899 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 92 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | pīṭṭaṉ | |
| meaning 1 | great grandson | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | great grandfather | |
| reference | Tamil lexicon: 2732 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 93 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Teiwa | |
| lexeme | natapis | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 94 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tela-Masbuar | |
| lexeme | ˈup+e | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 95 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tolai (Kuanua) | |
| lexeme | t-ubu-na | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 96 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Tolai (Kuanua) | |
| lexeme | t-abu- | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | Also 'reciprocal term used between a woman and her parents-in-law' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 97 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tukang Besi | |
| lexeme | oᵐpu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 98 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Uruangnirin | |
| lexeme | ˈtatan | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 99 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Wantoat | |
| lexeme | bapu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | Davis, Dangepnana 2012: 23 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 100 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Watut | |
| lexeme | rumbu- | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | reciprocal term |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 101 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Wersing (Kolana) | |
| lexeme | neˈtamu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandmother | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 102 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Syncretism | |
| language | Western Bukidnon Manobo | |
| lexeme | apu-ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 103 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Windesi | |
| lexeme | t-apu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 104 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Wolio | |
| lexeme | opu+a | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | LexiRumah 3.0.0 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 105 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yamdena | |
| lexeme | embu | |
| meaning 1 | grandchild | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandparent | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 106 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yuwaalaraay | |
| lexeme | dhaadhaa | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (daughter’s son) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather (mother’s father) | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 53 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 107 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yuwaalayaay | |
| lexeme | dhaadhaa | |
| meaning 1 | grandson (daughter’s son) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | grandfather (mother’s father) | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 53 | |
| comment | ||
This semantic shift is registered, as for now, mainly in languages of Asia and Australia region.
It correlates with the Kinship system's feature, observed in the anthropology of Kinship, desctribed as "alternate generations merging" (‘grandfathers’ +2 and ‘grandchildren’ -2), see discussion in detail in [Dzibel 2001]. Here "alternate" is a derivation from the anthropological term "alter". Some researchers consider this type of merging a feature of ancient social structures, cf. [Allen 1995].
- Allen, N. J. The initial stage of the evolution of Dravidian-type kinship terminology // Algebra of kinship: Issue. 1. - St. Petersburg 1995.
- Dzibel, 2001 - Dzibel GV. The phenomenon of kinship: Prolegomena to the idenetic theory / Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences // Algebra of kinship, V. A. Popov;. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - Issue. 6.