silver
↔
gold
13 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Aleut | |
| Lexeme | qigu-ẋ | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Bergsland 1994: 320 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Chibcha (Muisca) | |
| Lexeme | nyia | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Classical Nahuatl | |
| Lexeme 1 | iztāc teōcuitlatl | |
| Lexeme 2 | teōcuitlatl | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | ynînque yn achto oquihualhuîcaque tlaollí Ychcatl Yhuá mochí ynoccequí achotl, mahuíztíc chalchiuhte me, coztic teocuytlatl, Yztac teocuitlatl ( Anónimo Mexicano, f. 1r. ed. by Richley H. Crapo, Bonnie Glass-Coffin, Logan: Utah State University Press, 2005, page 7) Thus as they first came here, they carried dried maize kernels, cotton, and all other seeds, marvelous turquoise stones, yellow gold, and silver. |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | gold (from teōtl 'god' + cuitlatl 'excrement') | teōcuitlacuāuhtēntetl a gold lip plug in the shape of an eagle ( Bernardino de Sahagún, Primeros Memoriales) |
| Reference | Alonso de Molina 1571: 91r, 27v | |
| Comment | 'gold' also cōztic teōcuitlatl lit. 'yellow excrement of gods'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Kei | |
| Lexeme | mās | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | ACD | |
| Comment | 'gold' in many Austronesian languages | |
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Koasati | |
| Lexeme | tokná:wa | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | toknawhátka silver (white), toknawlá:na gold (yellow) Geoffrey D. Kimball; Bel Abbey; Martha John; Ruth Poncho Koasati Dictionary 1994 231 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Koreguaje | |
| Lexeme | kuri | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Cook & Gralow: 73 | |
| Comment | silver also po kuri lit. 'white kuri' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Naukan Siberian Yupik | |
| Lexeme | usuqpalak | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Fortescue et al. 2010: 391 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Nez Perce (Nimipuutímt) | |
| Lexeme | kícuy | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Aoki 1994: 223 | |
| Comment | x̣ayx̣áyx̣ kícuy 'silver' ('white kícuy') obligatory, maqsmáqs kícuy 'gold' ('yellow kícuy') facultative |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Old Georgian | |
| Lexeme | okroy (ოქროჲ) | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Abulaʒe 1973: 335 | |
| Comment | Probably from Ancient Greek ὠχρός 'pale, pale-yellow, sallow; yolk; colour yellow', or from Proto-Kartvelian *okro- 'gold'. In Modern Georgian okro (ოქრო) 'gold', borrowed to Hinukh укру 'silver', Bezhta окко 'silver, money' | |
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tundra Yukaghir | |
| Lexeme | поҕодэ(ҥ) | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | Таҥ унэмэдьуо албэврэги льуку пододэк The bottom of the earring is a small ingot of silver. |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | Тиндаа чаманэҥ тэт поҕодэ саҕаал моркиэл, таҥньэҥ мэ нугиэй? Мит пододэ тэт пэгитэ, тануг тоҥорэмэҥ Once upon a time a big rumor spread that your gold was lost, was it found? You stole our gold, [I] came for it. |
| Reference | Kurilov 2001: 226, 365, 406 | |
| Comment | Gold also ньамучэньил поҕодэ 'red поҕодэ' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Wariʼ (Orowari) | |
| Lexeme | kayi pacun | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Carling (ed.) 2017 | |
| Comment | Dialect Wari’-Oro Waram. CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Xokleng | |
| Lexeme | kózy tõ kom-ke | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Carling (ed.) 2017 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Syncretism | |
| Language | Yakut | |
| Lexeme | көмүс | |
| Meaning 1 | silver | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | gold | |
| Reference | Slepcov 1972 | |
| Comment | үрүҥ көмүс (white көмүс) 'silver'; кыһыл көмүс (red көмүс) 'gold'. From Proto-Turkic *kümüĺ 'silver' | |
CLICS-3 759-1369