wild, untamed
→
rude, impolite
24 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | vəhşi | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed (of animals) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | at the level of primitive culture, uncivilized; strange, ridiculous; unbridled, frantic, indomitable (of emotions etc.); rude, not characteristic of a cultured society, backward; barbaric, cruel | |
| Reference | ARL 2006: 750 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Brazilian Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | bagual | |
| Meaning 1 | an untamed horse | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncouth; crude (of a person) | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | див | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | диво животно wild animal |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (figuratively) savage, barbaric, uncivilized; rough, furious | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Burmese | |
| Lexeme | yáĩ | |
| Meaning 1 | wild; untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, uncouth, uncivilized; inexperienced, unfamiliar | |
| Reference | SEAlang Burmrse | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Classical Armenian | |
| Lexeme | gazan (գազան) | |
| Meaning 1 | wild predatory beast | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (figuratively) brutal, beastly man | |
| Reference | Petrosean, Matatʿeay 1879 | |
| Comment | Modern Armenian gazan (գազան) wild beast; (figuratively) brute, cruel man; adj. brutal, bestial; atrocious, savage. An Iranian borrowing: compare Middle Persian gzytn (gazīdan), Persian gazidan 'to bite, sting', gazân 'biting'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | sauvage | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | animaux sauvages wild animals |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | wild (of a person) | mœurs sauvages savage manners |
| Reference | NFRS | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Indonesian | |
| Lexeme | liar | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed, undomesticated | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, uncultured, primitive, barbaric, savage, wild; illegal, unlawful, outlawed, unauthorized; irregular | |
| Reference | SEALang Indonesia | |
| Comment | meliarkan 'to drive someone wild'; 'to free (a domesticated animal in the jungle in order to increase the jungle population of that species), to return (an animal) to the wild'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Italian | |
| Lexeme | selvaggio | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | animali selvaggi wild animals |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, ill-mannered | |
| Reference | Zor'ko et al. 2002 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Italian | |
| Lexeme | selvatico | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude | |
| Reference | Zor'ko et al. 2002 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Javanese | |
| Lexeme | bandhol | |
| Meaning 1 | (of horses) wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | impolite, insolent | |
| Reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | agrestis | |
| Meaning 1 | not tamed or domesticated (of animals) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | boorish, coarse, clumsy, uncivilizated; also unsophisticated, simple (of persons; of speech, behaviour, qualities etc.) | |
| Reference | Glare: 90-91 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | ferus | |
| Meaning 1 | undomesticated, not tame, wild | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, barbarous, rude, rough; not amenable to restraint, disobedient, unruly; high-spirited, unsubdued; aggresive, fierce, ferocious, warlike; savage; cruel, ruthless, inhuman | |
| Reference | Glare: 692-693 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme | yě (野) | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | Yě dào (野稻), yě gǒu (野狗) wild rice; wild dog, dingo |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, uncivilized, uncouth (also self-deprecating "mine"), savage, barbaric; unbridled, unbridled; naughty, headstrong, wayward; rampant; restive | Cǐ fēi jūnzǐ zhī yán, qí dōng yěrén zhī yǔ yě (此非君子之言, 齐东野人之语也); Fàngle jī tiān jiǎ, xīn dōu wán yěle (放了机天假, 心都玩野了) This is not the words of a gentleman, but the words of the villain Eastern Qi; completely spoiled for a few days of vacation |
| Reference | BKRS | |
| Comment | 'countryside; field; outskirts; wilderness plain; open country; open space area; region; boundary'. Phono-semantic compound: semantic 田 'field' + semantic 土 'earth' + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ). From a hypothetical common Sino-Tibetan *la 'area far from settlements; wilderness': compare Tibetan la 'mountain pass; hillside; mountainslope' (Schuessler, 2007); possibly related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *laʔ 'to spread, extend': Khmer liə 'to unfold, spread, open out' (Schuessler, 2007); or from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning 'hut; pantry': compare Tibetan lhas 'pen; fold; cattle enclosure' (Starostin). Also Mandarin Chinese yěmāo (野猫) 'wild cat', 'unbridled, rude'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Modern Written Arabic | |
| Lexeme | waḥšiyy- وَحْشِىّ | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | brutish, savage, barbarious, uncivilized | |
| Reference | Wehr: 1238 Lane: 2929 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| Language 2 | Dagur | |
| Lexeme 1 | зэрлэг | |
| Lexeme 2 | жэллэг, жэрлэг | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | wild, rude, impolite | |
| Reference | Тумурдэй Цыбенов Краткий дагурско-русский словарь: 79 BAMRS 2001-2002 | |
| Comment | Dagur Dictionary gives "cunning, sly" as a first meaning, but etymologically the word goes back to the common Mongolic *ǯerleg 'wild, untamed'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Nganasan | |
| Lexeme | бахи | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude person | |
| Reference | Kosterkina, Momde, Ždanova 2001: 21 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | selvagem | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | ill-mannered, rude | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | bravio | |
| Meaning 1 | feral, wild | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uneducated, uncivilized | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | fero | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, predatory | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rustic, uncultivated | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Rutul | |
| Lexeme | ваIхIши / waˤχši | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | ваIхIши гьаIйван / waˤχši χaˤjwan a wild animal |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, barbarous | ваIхIшивалды выъын / waˤχšiwaldɨ wɨʔɨn to act wildly, barbarously |
| Reference | Alisultanov, Sulejmanova 2019: 52 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | salvaje | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | ganso salvaje wild goose |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (about a person) wild; rude | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | montaraz | |
| Meaning 1 | wild (of animal) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | wild, rough (i.e. not quite civilized) | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | cimarrón | |
| Meaning 1 | feral (having returned to the wild) med | Y entonces comprendí que así como el caballo americano, lo mismo que el toro, que corre libre por montes y llanos, no es el caballo salvaje, sino el caballo cimarrón, el caballo doméstico vuelto a la vida bravía y salvaje, […] (Miguel de Unamuno, Nelson R. Orringer, Americanidad) And then I realised that, like the american horse, and the same for the bull, that runs free around the mountains and plains, isn’t the wild horse, but rather the feral horse, the domestic horse that returned to a wild and savage life, […] |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (about a person) wild; rude | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | Latin America | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | vahşi | |
| Meaning 1 | predator (animal) | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, uncultured; (metaphor) rude, disrespectful, unfit | |
| Reference | TDKS | |
| Comment | From Arabian waḥš 'wild animal' | |