Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Dutch | |
| Lexeme 1 | man | |
| Lexeme 2 | iemand | |
| Meaning 1 | man; human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | someone | |
| Reference | Mironov 1987 | |
| Comment | io 'always, ever' + man Middle Dutch ieman, iemant, from Old Dutch ieman, *ioman. from Proto-West Germanic *aiw + *mann. Compare Old English ǣġhwā. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Internal cognates | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | Mann | |
| Lexeme 2 | mann | |
| Meaning 1 | human being | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | |
| Reference | DWDS | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | maður | |
| Meaning 1 | human being, person, man, male | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | indefinite pronoun | |
| Reference | Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 279 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Japanese | |
| Lexeme | hito (人) | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | 人の物を盗む (hito no mono onusumu) to steal someone's things |
| Reference | BJaRS English Wiktionary | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | French | |
| Lexeme 1 | homo | |
| Lexeme 2 | on | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | Neapolitan | |
| Lexeme 1 | homo | |
| Lexeme 2 | nome | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Giacalone Ramat and Sansò 2007 Abruzzese dialect |
|
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme 1 | rén (人) | |
| Lexeme 2 | yǒurén (有人) | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | Nǐ bèihòu yǒurén (你背後有人。／你背后有人。) Yǒurén rènwéi dúshū wúyòng (有人認為讀書無用。/ 有人认为读书无用。) There is someone behind you. There are some who believe reading is a waste of time. |
| Reference | BKRS | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme 1 | rén (人) | |
| Lexeme 2 | mǒurén (某人) | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | |
| Reference | BKRS | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Old English | |
| Lexeme 1 | man, mann | |
| Lexeme 2 | man | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | Wē menn wǣron on wambum ġesmiðode ealdra steorrena. We humans were forged in the bellies of ancient stars. |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | Ġif dēaþsċyldiġ man sċriftsprǣċe ġierne, ne him man nǣfre ne wierne (Wulfstan, Laws of Edward and Guthrum) If someone condemned to death desires confession, it should never be refused to them. |
| Reference | Bosworth, Toller English Wiktionary | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old Irish | |
| Language 2 | Irish Gaelic | |
| Lexeme | duine | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | anam duine human soul |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | sileann daoine (pl) go... somebody (some people) think that... |
| Reference | Ó Dónaill 1977: 462 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swahili | |
| Lexeme | mtu | |
| Meaning 1 | human, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | someone | |
| Reference | Polikanov | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Thai | |
| Lexeme 1 | kon (คน) | |
| Lexeme 2 | baang-kon (บางคน) | |
| Meaning 1 | human being, person | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | somebody | |
| Reference | SEAlang Thai | |
| Comment | ||
Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019, 279-280
Giacalone Ramat, Anna and Andrea Sansò. 2007. The spread and decline of indefinite man-constructions in European languages: An areal perspective. Ramat, Paolo and Elisa Roma (eds.). 2007. Europe and the Mediterranean as linguistic areas: Convergencies from a historical and typological perspective. (Studies in Language Companion Series 88.) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 95–131.
L. H. Gray, Man in Anglo-Saxon and Old High German Bible-texts, WORD, I, 1 (April,. 1945), 19-32.Haspelmath, Martin.1997. Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Clarendon Press. P. 182.
Lehmann, Christian. 1982. Thoughts on grammaticalization: A programmatic sketch, vol. 1. (Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts, AKUP 48). Cologne: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, University of Cologne. P. 51-52.