hard, solid
→
severe, harsh
24 realizations
Related shifts
ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
8074 | to melt, to thaw | → | to become tender (as of feelings, heart) | Open |
-
Comment
NEW Realization 1 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Ancient Greek | |
Lexeme | σκληρός | |
Meaning 1 | hard (opp. soft) | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | of persons, harsh, austere, crue | |
Reference | LSJ | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Armenian | |
Lexeme | karcr (կարծր) | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | severe, cruel; rude | |
Reference | Galstjan 1984: 342 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Azerbaijani | |
Lexeme | sәrt | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | strict, severe | |
Reference | ARRAL: 226 Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 4 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Batsbi | |
Lexeme | č̣[ꞷ]aɣnā | |
Meaning 1 | firmness, hardness | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | cruelty | |
Reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2018: 185 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 5 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Classical Armenian | |
Lexeme | karcr (կարծր) | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe, harsh | |
Reference | Petrosean, Matatʿeay 1879 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 6 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | English | |
Lexeme | harsh | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe, harsh | |
Reference | ABBYY LINGUO OED | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Farsi | |
Lexeme | سخت saxt | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | harsh | انتقاد سخت enteqād-e saxt harsh criticism |
Reference | Rubinčik 1970: 2, 24 | |
Comment | ПРС 444. |
ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | French | |
Lexeme | dur | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | Le granit est une roche dure Granit is a hard stone |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | severe, shallow hearted | homme dur a severe man |
Reference | CNRTL | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Hungarian | |
Lexeme | kemény | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | kemény föld hard ground |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe | kemény hang a stern voice |
Reference | Гальди 1974: 357 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 10 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Karaim | |
Lexeme | къатты | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | cruel | |
Reference | KRPS: 366 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Komi | |
Lexeme | чорыд | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe | вöрвалöн законъяс чорыдöсь Nature laws are severe |
Reference | Beznosikova et al. 2000: 706 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 12 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Latin | |
Lexeme | durus | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe | |
Reference | Lewis, Short | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
Lexeme | yìng (硬) | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe, cruel | |
Reference | BKRS: 11020 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 14 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Oriya | |
Lexeme | apriya | |
Meaning 1 | hard, harsh | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | cruel | |
Reference | Praharaj 1931-1940: 408 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Russian | |
Lexeme | жесткий (žestkij) | |
Meaning 1 | hard, harsh | жесткая кровать hard bed |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | severe | жесткое правление hard governance |
Reference | ||
Comment | There is also the pair of жесткий /жестокий (hard/severe) wih similar meaning. |
ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Sanskrit | |
Lexeme | khára | |
Meaning 1 | hard, harsh, rough, solid | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | cruel | |
Reference | Kočergina 1996: 185 MW: 337 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Sanskrit | |
Lexeme | dārúṇá | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe, cruel | |
Reference | MW: 476 Kočergina 1996: 265-266 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Sanskrit | |
Lexeme | kārkaśya | |
Meaning 1 | hardness | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | sternness | |
Reference | Kočergina 1996: 159 MW: 275 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Sanskrit | |
Lexeme | kāṭhinya | |
Meaning 1 | hardness, rigidity, stiffness | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | sternness, severity | |
Reference | Kočergina 1996: 157 MW: 269 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Tigrinya | |
Lexeme | ʕaṣṣiḳ̆ | |
Meaning 1 | 'tough, hard' | ʕaṣṣiḳ̆ səga 'hard, tough meat, poor quality meat' |
Meaning 2 | 'hard, unfeeling or insensitive person' | |
Reference | ||
Comment | KT 1943 |
NEW Realization 21 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Turkish | |
Lexeme | dürüşt | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | rude | dürüşt söz a rude word |
Reference | Baskakov 1977: 254 | |
Comment |
NEW Realization 22 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Turkish | |
Lexeme | katı | |
Meaning 1 | hard, solid | katı cisim solid object (in physics) |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | severe | katı söz rude word |
Reference | Baskakov 1977: 521 | |
Comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Tuvan | |
Lexeme | кадыг | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | — | |
Meaning 2 | strict, severe; hard; rude; cruel; severely, cruelly, rudely | |
Reference | ||
Comment |
NEW Realization 24 | ||
---|---|---|
Type | Polysemy | |
Language | Yakut | |
Lexeme | кытаанах | |
Meaning 1 | hard | |
Direction | → | |
Meaning 2 | strict | |
Reference | Slepcov 1972: 213 | |
Comment |