The Database of Semantic Shifts in the languages of the world

73 shifts found

[{"direction": "\u2194", "id": 554, "source": "cunning, sly", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Qualities", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 1601, "source": "shadow", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Physical Properties; Physical Properties. Light", "target": "phantom, ghost", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 1602, "source": "soul, spirit", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Abstract Entities; Religion", "target": "phantom, ghost", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 1927, "source": "spirit (supernatural being)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "smell (n.)", "target_tags": "Perception; Perception. Olfactory"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 2045, "source": "messenger", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Human Beings. Professions", "target": "angel", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 2155, "source": "\u003cforeigner\u003e", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Ethnonyms", "target": "mythical giant", "target_tags": "Physical Properties. Size; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2194", "id": 2156, "source": "\u003cforeigner\u003e", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Ethnonyms", "target": "monster (supernatural)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 2355, "source": "enemy", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Interpersonal Relations", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 2562, "source": "snake", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Animals; Animals. Amphibians and Reptiles", "target": "dragon", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 2980, "source": "little, small", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Properties; Physical Properties. Size", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3106, "source": "monster (supernatural)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "waterspout", "target_tags": "Meteorology"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3132, "source": "witch, sorceress", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings", "target": "butterfly", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Arthropods"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3161, "source": "dirty", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Properties", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3162, "source": "to tickle", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Actions", "target": "water nymph", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3176, "source": "dog", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Animals; Animals. Domestic Animals", "target": "witch, sorceress", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3205, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "mad, insane", "target_tags": "Human Qualities"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 3347, "source": "husband\u0027s father", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3736, "source": "monster (supernatural)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "crocodile", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Amphibians and Reptiles"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 3768, "source": "dead (adj.)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physiology", "target": "phantom, ghost", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 3935, "source": "grandmother", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "witch, sorceress", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2194", "id": 3962, "source": "old woman", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Age", "target": "witch, sorceress", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2194", "id": 3963, "source": "owl", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Animals; Animals. Birds", "target": "witch, sorceress", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4040, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "snail", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Invertebrates"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4042, "source": "owner", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Social Status", "target": "spirit (supernatural being)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4696, "source": "uncle", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "woodland spirit", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4698, "source": "long (size)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Properties; Physical Properties. Size", "target": "woodland spirit", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4723, "source": "grandfather", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "house spirit", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4724, "source": "grandfather", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "woodland spirit", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4823, "source": "woodland spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "tiger", "target_tags": "Animals. Mammals"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 4908, "source": "grandfather", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5196, "source": "saint", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Religion", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5633, "source": "witch, sorceress", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings", "target": "ladybird", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Invertebrates"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5695, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "kite (lightweight toy)", "target_tags": "Artifacts"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5867, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "dragonfly", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Arthropods"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5932, "source": "tailed", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Body Parts; Body Parts. Animal Body Parts", "target": "witch, sorceress", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 5967, "source": "wind", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Meteorology", "target": "spirit (supernatural being)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6316, "source": "mythical giant", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Properties. Size; Supernatural Beings", "target": "champion, winner", "target_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Social Status"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6327, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "\u003ccurse: bad person\u003e", "target_tags": "Evaluation; Human Beings; Speech"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6328, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "cobalt (metal)", "target_tags": "Substances and Materials"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6399, "source": "monitor lizard", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Animals; Animals. Amphibians and Reptiles", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6470, "source": "spirit (supernatural being)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "mole cricket (Gryllotalpa)", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Arthropods"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6529, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "common reed", "target_tags": "Plants; Plants. Herbaceous Plants"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6531, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "beggartick", "target_tags": "Plants; Plants. Herbaceous Plants"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6532, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "\u003cthorny plant\u003e", "target_tags": "Plants"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 6904, "source": "monster (supernatural)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "whale", "target_tags": "Animals. Mammals"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7077, "source": "breath, breathing", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physiology", "target": "spirit (supernatural being)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7162, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "cruel", "target_tags": "Human Qualities"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 7166, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "thunder", "target_tags": "Meteorology; Physical Properties. Sound"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7251, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "magnet", "target_tags": "Substances and Materials"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7252, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "mushroom", "target_tags": "Plants; Plants. Mushrooms"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7253, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "tuberculosis", "target_tags": "Diseases"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7386, "source": "makara", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "Capricorn", "target_tags": "Astronomical Objects"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7615, "source": "third-person singular", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Pronouns", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 7657, "source": "owner (female)", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Social Status", "target": "house spirit", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 7961, "source": "echo", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Physical Properties; Physical Properties. Sound", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8190, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "diabetes", "target_tags": "Diseases"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8267, "source": "old man", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Age", "target": "spirit (supernatural being)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8379, "source": "Michael archangel", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "September", "target_tags": "Time; Time. Months"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 8480, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "smell of cattle", "target_tags": "Perception; Perception. Olfactory"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 8647, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "firefly", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Invertebrates"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8742, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "belemnite", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Invertebrates"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8747, "source": "witch, sorceress", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings", "target": "belemnite", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Invertebrates"}, {"direction": "\u2014", "id": 8808, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "bear (Ursus)", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Mammals"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8902, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "devil, satan", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8903, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "meteorite", "target_tags": "Astronomical Objects"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 8904, "source": "dragon", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "comet", "target_tags": "Astronomical Objects"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 9346, "source": "devil, satan", "source2": null, "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "very, of high degree", "target_tags": "Evaluation; Quantity"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 9353, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "epilepsy", "target_tags": "Diseases"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 9714, "source": "dragon", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "seahorse (Hippocampus)", "target_tags": "Animals; Animals. Fish"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 10204, "source": "mother", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Human Beings; Human Beings. Kinship", "target": "spirit (supernatural being)", "target_tags": "Supernatural Beings"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 10411, "source": "phantom, ghost", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Supernatural Beings", "target": "animal", "target_tags": "Animals"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 10414, "source": "evil spirit", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings", "target": "person of the Caucasian race", "target_tags": "Ethnonyms"}, {"direction": "\u2192", "id": 10647, "source": "wicked, evil, malevolent", "source2": "", "source_tags": "Evaluation", "target": "evil spirit", "target_tags": "Religion; Supernatural Beings"}]

ID	Meaning 1	Taxons 1	Direction	Meaning 2	Taxons 2
554	cunning, sly	Human Qualities	↔	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
1601	shadow	Physical Properties; Light	→	phantom, ghost	Supernatural Beings
1602	soul, spirit	Abstract Entities; Religion	→	phantom, ghost	Supernatural Beings
1927	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings	→	smell (n.)	Perception; Olfactory
2045	messenger	Professions	→	angel	Supernatural Beings
2155	<foreigner>	Ethnonyms	→	mythical giant	Size; Supernatural Beings
2156	<foreigner>	Ethnonyms	↔	monster (supernatural)	Supernatural Beings
2355	enemy	Interpersonal Relations	→	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings
2562	snake	Animals; Amphibians and Reptiles	—	dragon	Supernatural Beings
2980	little, small	Physical Properties; Size	→	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
3106	monster (supernatural)	Supernatural Beings	→	waterspout	Meteorology
3132	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings	→	butterfly	Animals; Arthropods
3161	dirty	Physical Properties	→	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings
3162	to tickle	Physical Actions	→	water nymph	Supernatural Beings
3176	dog	Animals; Domestic Animals	→	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings
3205	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	mad, insane	Human Qualities
3347	husband's father	Human Beings; Kinship	—	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings
3736	monster (supernatural)	Supernatural Beings	→	crocodile	Animals; Amphibians and Reptiles
3768	dead (adj.)	Physiology	—	phantom, ghost	Supernatural Beings
3935	grandmother	Human Beings; Kinship	→	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings
3962	old woman	Human Beings; Age	↔	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings
3963	owl	Animals; Birds	↔	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings
4040	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	snail	Animals; Invertebrates
4042	owner	Human Beings; Social Status	→	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings
4696	uncle	Kinship	→	woodland spirit	Supernatural Beings
4698	long (size)	Physical Properties; Size	→	woodland spirit	Supernatural Beings
4723	grandfather	Human Beings; Kinship	→	house spirit	Supernatural Beings
4724	grandfather	Human Beings; Kinship	→	woodland spirit	Supernatural Beings
4823	woodland spirit	Supernatural Beings	→	tiger	Mammals
4908	grandfather	Human Beings; Kinship	→	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
5196	saint	Human Beings; Religion	→	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
5633	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings	→	ladybird	Animals; Invertebrates
5695	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	kite (lightweight toy)	Artifacts
5867	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	dragonfly	Animals; Arthropods
5932	tailed	Body Parts; Animal Body Parts	→	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings
5967	wind	Meteorology	→	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings
6316	mythical giant	Size; Supernatural Beings	→	champion, winner	Human Beings; Social Status
6327	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	<curse: bad person>	Evaluation; Human Beings; Speech
6328	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	cobalt (metal)	Substances and Materials
6399	monitor lizard	Animals; Amphibians and Reptiles	→	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings
6470	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings	→	mole cricket (Gryllotalpa)	Animals; Arthropods
6529	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	common reed	Plants; Herbaceous Plants
6531	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	beggartick	Plants; Herbaceous Plants
6532	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	<thorny plant>	Plants
6904	monster (supernatural)	Supernatural Beings	→	whale	Mammals
7077	breath, breathing	Physiology	→	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings
7162	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	cruel	Human Qualities
7166	dragon	Supernatural Beings	—	thunder	Meteorology; Sound
7251	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	magnet	Substances and Materials
7252	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	mushroom	Plants; Mushrooms
7253	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	tuberculosis	Diseases
7386	makara	Supernatural Beings	→	Capricorn	Astronomical Objects
7615	third-person singular	Pronouns	→	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
7657	owner (female)	Human Beings; Social Status	→	house spirit	Supernatural Beings
7961	echo	Physical Properties; Sound	—	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings
8190	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	diabetes	Diseases
8267	old man	Human Beings; Age	→	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings
8379	Michael archangel	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	September	Time; Months
8480	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	—	smell of cattle	Perception; Olfactory
8647	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	—	firefly	Animals; Invertebrates
8742	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	belemnite	Animals; Invertebrates
8747	witch, sorceress	Human Beings; Magic; Supernatural Beings	→	belemnite	Animals; Invertebrates
8808	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	—	bear (Ursus)	Animals; Mammals
8902	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings
8903	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	meteorite	Astronomical Objects
8904	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	comet	Astronomical Objects
9346	devil, satan	Supernatural Beings	→	very, of high degree	Evaluation; Quantity
9353	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	epilepsy	Diseases
9714	dragon	Supernatural Beings	→	seahorse (Hippocampus)	Animals; Fish
10204	mother	Human Beings; Kinship	→	spirit (supernatural being)	Supernatural Beings
10411	phantom, ghost	Supernatural Beings	→	animal	Animals
10414	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings	→	person of the Caucasian race	Ethnonyms
10647	wicked, evil, malevolent	Evaluation	→	evil spirit	Religion; Supernatural Beings