Related shifts
ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Adyghe | |
lexeme | еджэн (jeǯen) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to study | |
reference | Šaov 1975: 106 Txarkaxo 1991: 77 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Aghul | |
lexeme | рухас | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Ramazanov 2010 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Andi | |
lexeme | балиду | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Archi | |
lexeme | олІмус | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Assamese | |
lexeme | porha (পঢ়া) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Avar | |
lexeme | цІцІалде | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 Andalal dialect цIализе - Ansalta dialect, цІцІалзи - Antsukh, цІцІализи - Araderikh, цIализе - East Gergebil, цІалле - Hid, цІалзи - Karakh, цІализи - Khanzakh, сІсІалзи - Kusur |
ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Azerbaijani | |
lexeme | oxumaq | |
meaning 1 | to read | Qəzet oxuyan qadın. Woman reading a newspaper. |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to study | Bakı Dövlət Universitetində psixologiya oxuyuram. I study psychology in Baku State University. |
reference | ARRAL Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Bai | |
lexeme | ɣɯ⁴² | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Sūn 1991 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Balochi | |
lexeme | wān-, wānt- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Bartangi | |
lexeme | xōy-, xōyd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 461 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Bashkir | |
lexeme | уҡыу | |
meaning 1 | to read | Китапты беренсенән бишенсе бүлеккә тиклем уҡыу. Уны ҡышын класташ малайҙар менән журналдың һәр һаны теткеләнгәнсе уҡый инек. Бөгөн дә мин үҙ шиғырҙарын башҡаларға һеңдерерҙәй итеп уҡый алмаған шағирҙарға шикләнеңкерәп ҡарайым. To read the book from the first to the fifth chapter. In the winters, we used to read it (together) with classmate boys until (we) tore each issue of the journal into pieces. Also today, I look with some doubt at (those) poets (who) cannot read their poems so that they make an imprint in others('s minds). |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | Олораҡ балалар күрше ауыл мәктәбенә йөрөп уҡыны. Older children went to the school in the neighbor village. |
reference | Bashkir Uraksin 1996 English Wiktionary | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Bengali | |
lexeme | poṛa (পড়া) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Bezhta | |
lexeme | хъовал | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3, Khasharkhota dialect; Tlyadal dialect, Karauzek subdialect |
ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Chamalal | |
lexeme | цӀалдила | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3, Gigatli dialect |
ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Chuka (Meru) | |
lexeme | kuthoma | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Classical Arabic | |
lexeme 1 | دَرَسَ darasa | |
lexeme 2 | دَرَسَ darasa | |
meaning 1 | to read (a book) | تَدَارَسَ القُرْآنَ ; تَدَارَسُوا الكِتَابَ حَتَّى حَفِظُوهُ He read the Quran, i.e. he returned to it time after time, in order that he might not forget it. (itterative stem) They read the book (read repeatedly, or studied it, or read and learned it, together, teaching one another), until they retained it in memory. |
direction | ← | |
meaning 2 | to study, to attend lessons by such and such professor | |
reference | BK: I 688 Lane: 871 | |
comment | The direction of shift is rather from B to A. The Hebrew cognate drš has the meaning 'to seek, to enquire about, to investigete, to search' (HALOT 233) - probably this develops into 'to study', and hence into 'to read'. |
NEW Realization 17 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Classical Arabic | |
lexeme | قَرَأَ qaraˀa | |
meaning 1 | to read, recite | (قَرَأَ بصوت مسموع (~ جهرا to read aloud |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | قَرَأَ عَلَيْهِ He read, or recited (as a teacher, or an informant), to him the Quran (as a pupil, or learner). |
reference | Lane: 2503 | |
comment | قَرَأَ signifies properly "he read, or recited, the Scripture chanting"; like as أَنْشَدَ properly signifies “he recited” poetry “chanting with a high voice", for Scripture and poetry are usually chanted. Then, he read, or recited, anything in any manner, without, or from, or in, a book. (Lane ibid.) to read aloud -> to read (= recite) -> to study. learn |
ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Dargwa (literary) | |
lexeme | белчӀий | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3, Sirkhi dialect |
NEW Realization 19 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Dargwa (literary) | |
lexeme | учІес | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | Mekegi dialect CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Dari | |
lexeme | xvån- : xvånd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | (colloquial) to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Doe | |
lexeme | ku-soma | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Farsi | |
lexeme | خواندن xānd-an | |
meaning 1 | to read | اين كتاب را خواندم in ketāb rā xānd-am I read this book |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to study | زبان انگليسي ميخوانم zabān-e englisi mi-xān-am I am learning English |
reference | Rubinčik 1970: 574 | |
comment | The same in many other Iranic languages ЭСИЯ 3, 459 |
ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Gagauz | |
lexeme | okumaa | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment | Gagauzça-rusça-romınca sözlük = Гагаузско-русско-румынский словарь = Dicţionar găgăuz-rus-român / Fundaţia pentru susţinerea şi dezvoltarea ştiinţei şi culturii găgăuzilor "CAINAC"; alcăt. P. Cebotari, I. Dron. - Ch.: PONTOS, 2002 |
NEW Realization 24 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Gapshima Dargwa | |
lexeme | учІес | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Gusii | |
lexeme | gosoma | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Hani | |
lexeme | tsv̩⁵⁵ | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Sūn 1991 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Hindi | |
lexeme | paṛhnā (पढ़ना) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | NorthEuraLex Bahri 1989: 368 McGregor 1993: 595 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Ingush | |
lexeme | деша | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Bekova et al. 2009 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Juhuri (Judeo-Tat) | |
lexeme | хунде | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
NEW Realization 30 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Kadar Dargwa | |
lexeme | учІес | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Karata | |
lexeme | цІцІала̄лъа | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Karata | |
lexeme | цІеледу | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 Tokitin dialect |
ACCEPTED Realization 33 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Kazakh | |
lexeme | оқу (oqu) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Syzdykova, Xusain (eds.) 2008: 651 NorthEuraLex | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 34 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Khams Tibetan | |
lexeme | ɬuʔ⁵³ | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Sūn 1991 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 35 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Khinalug | |
lexeme | ликІуьври | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 36 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Khufi | |
lexeme | xōy-, xēd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 460 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 37 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Khwarshi | |
lexeme | цІалида | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 38 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Kumyk | |
lexeme | охумакъ | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 39 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Kyrghyz | |
lexeme | окуу | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Judaxin (ed.) 1957 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 40 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Lezgian | |
lexeme | кІелун (k’elun) | |
meaning 1 | to read | ктаб кIелун to read a book |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to study | |
reference | LezgRus: 216 | |
comment | Тthe same in the Udi К1АЛ-ПЕСУН, where the root К1АЛ- is possibly related. |
ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Lisu | |
lexeme | so⁴⁴ | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Sūn 1991 | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 42 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Mang (Austroasiatic) | |
lexeme | ʔɛp.55 | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
NEW Realization 43 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Muiri Darqwa | |
lexeme | учІана | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
NEW Realization 44 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Murego-Gubden Dargwa | |
lexeme | учІес | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 45 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Nogai | |
lexeme | окув | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 46 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Oroshori (Roshorvi) | |
lexeme | xōy-, xōyd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 461 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 47 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Ottoman Turkish | |
lexeme | okumak (اوقومق) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment | Redhouse, James W. (1890) A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 261 |
ACCEPTED Realization 48 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Punjabi | |
lexeme | paṛhnā (ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ, پڑھنا) | |
meaning 1 | to read | taĩ kihṛīā̃ kitābā̃ paṛhīā̃ hana? (ਤੈਂ ਕਿਹੜੀਆਂ ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ ਪੜ੍ਹੀਆਂ ਹਨ?) Which books have you read? |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | jor mārke paṛh lavo (ਜੋਰ ਮਾਰਕੇ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਲਵੋ।) Put in work and study for yourself. |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 49 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Rushani | |
lexeme | xōy-, xēyd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 460 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 50 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Sanskrit | |
lexeme | páṭhati (पठति) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | MW: 580 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 51 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Sariqoli | |
lexeme | xuy-, xōyd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 461 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 52 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Selkup | |
lexeme | то̄ргу | |
meaning 1 | to read | мат то̄рбам I have read |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | Нача́ӷэт то́рӽат хи́мияп, арк уро́калап There they studied chemistry and other lessons. |
reference | Consolidated Selkup | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 53 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Shughni | |
lexeme | xōy-, xêyt-, xêyd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 460 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 54 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Somali | |
lexeme | daalacasho | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Alejnikov 2012: 59 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 55 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Southern Kurdish | |
lexeme | xūn-, xvānd- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment | Abdui dialect |
ACCEPTED Realization 58 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Tajiki | |
lexeme | xon-, xond- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 59 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Talysh | |
lexeme | han-, hand- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 60 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Tamil | |
lexeme | paṭi (படி) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment | From Sanskrit |
ACCEPTED Realization 61 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Tatar | |
lexeme | уку | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | <personally collected data> | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 62 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Telugu | |
lexeme | paṭhanamu (పఠనము) | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Brown Telugu dictionary: 699 IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 64 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Thao | |
lexeme | shupilh | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ACD | |
comment | Also 'to count'. See also in close related Bunun ma-sipul 'to count' and 'study, learn', but not 'to read'. |
ACCEPTED Realization 65 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Tsez | |
lexeme | тІетІра | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS NorthEuraLex | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 66 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Turkish | |
lexeme | okumak | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Jusipova 2005 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 67 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Udi | |
lexeme | кIал-песун | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | Gukasjan 1974 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 68 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Urakhi Dargwa | |
lexeme | учІес | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | — | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | IDS | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 69 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Uzbek | |
lexeme | oʻqimoq | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | NorthEuraLex | |
comment | CLICS-3 |
ACCEPTED Realization 71 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Yazghulami | |
lexeme | xān-, xant- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 460 | |
comment |
ACCEPTED Realization 72 | ||
---|---|---|
type | Polysemy | |
language | Zazaki | |
lexeme | wend- | |
meaning 1 | to read | |
direction | → | |
meaning 2 | to learn, study | |
reference | ESIJa: 3, 459 | |
comment |
In Iranian languages 'to sing, to recite, to read aloud' → 'to read' → 'to learn, study' from Proto-Iranian *hu̯an-, *hun 'to sound', 'to speak loudly, to recite, to sing' ЭСИЯ 3, 459-461.
Proto-Turkic *okï- 'to call', 'to read' ЭСТЯ 1, 439-441
CLICS-3 504-724