miserable, unhappy
↔
poor, needy
13 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | cıbır | |
| Meaning 1 | poor | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | poor, miserable | |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 153 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | glep | |
| Meaning 1 | to be poor | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to be unhappy | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Кочергина 200 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Czech | |
| Lexeme | bída | |
| Meaning 1 | trouble, misery [Павлович 1976: 31] | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | poverty, misery, need | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | In Serb., Mac. 'беда' there are both meanings. In Bulg., Rus. 'беда' means only 'trouble'. In Pol. bieda means only 'poverty'. Cf. Rus. Бедный (poor). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | bednyj | |
| Meaning 1 | poor | a. Бедный человек 'Poor person'. b. Бедная деревня 'Poor village'. |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | unhappy, miserable | Бедная! как она мало жила, как она много любила. (Некрасов) Poor thing! What a short life she lived, how much she loved! (Nekrasov) |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Cf. Russian БЕДНЯК (poor person) vs. БЕДНЯГА (poor thing). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme | arm | |
| Meaning 1 | poor | arm wie eine Kirchenmaus poor like a churche mouse |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | miserable | du armes Würstchen! you poоr thing! |
| Reference | Duden | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lezgian | |
| Lexeme | kesib | |
| Meaning 1 | poor | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | miserable | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (LezgRus 156) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | misère | |
| Meaning 1 | misfortune, trouble; misery, failure; suffering | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | poverty, misery, need | vivre dans la misère to live in poverty |
| Reference | Robert historique: 2251 | |
| Comment | Borrowed from Lat. miseria 'misfortuner' in 12th century. The meaning 1 has become obsolete. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | pauvre | |
| Meaning 1 | unhappy, miserable | Mon pauvre mari le disait bien. My poor husband said that. |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | poor | Ses parents étaient trop pauvres pour qu'il fasse des études. His parents were too poor to let him study. |
| Reference | Larousse online | |
| Comment | Lat. pauper has only the meaning 'poor' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme | szegény | |
| Meaning 1 | miserable | Szegény kis gyermek, nem hagyják játszani! Poor little child, they do not let him play! |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | poor | szegény, mint a templom egere as poor as a church mouse |
| Reference | MEK 1978 Gal’di 1987: 680 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | poor | |
| Meaning 1 | miserable | Poor kid, he’s had a rough day. |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | poor | Her family were so poor they couldn’t afford to buy her new clothes. |
| Reference | LDOCE | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | armur | |
| Meaning 1 | miserable, unhappy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | poor, needy | |
| Reference | Berkov et al. 1962 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | fakir | |
| Meaning 1 | miserable, unhappy | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | poor, needy | |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 287 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Abaza | |
| Lexeme | чвкьащ | |
| Meaning 1 | miserable, unhappy | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | poor, needy | |
| Reference | Tugov 1967: 433 | |
| Comment | lit. 'shabby, bare' |
|