paper
↔
letter (text)
19 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lezgian | |
| Lexeme | čar | |
| Meaning 1 | paper; sheet of paper | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | letter; document | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (LezgRus 367) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Aghul | |
| Lexeme | k'eǯ | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | letter | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Sulejmanov 2003) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lezgian | |
| Lexeme | kaʁɨz | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter; document | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (LezgRus 147). The same in Tabassaran (КАГЪАЗ), cf. (TabRus 188). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Gagauz | |
| Lexeme | kiyat | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | йазмак кийады writing paper |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter | кийат каблетмää to get a letter |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ГРМС 268. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Farsi | |
| Lexeme | كاغذ kāġaz | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | كاغذ خطدار kāġaz-e xatdār ruled paper |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | كاغذ فرستادن kāġaz ferestādan To send a letter |
| Reference | Rubinčik 1970: 297 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Archi | |
| Lexeme | kaʁəra | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | From Farsi. In Kibrik et al. (eds.) 1977 only 'paper' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Gurindji | |
| Lexeme | mirlimirli | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. From Jaru mirlimirli 'paper', Tharrgari mirli 'paperbark tree' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hup | |
| Lexeme | cug’æ̌t | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. historically the same as 'leaf'. Possibly from j’ug-g’æt 'forest-leaf' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kali'na (Carib) | |
| Lexeme | kaleta | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'birth certificate', 'postcard', 'newspaper', 'government document'. From Spanish carta 'letter' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Malagasy | |
| Lexeme | taratàsy | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 From Arabian qartās 'paper' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Q'eqchi' | |
| Lexeme | hu | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | White Hmong (Hmong Daw) | |
| Lexeme | ntawv | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'postcard'; ‘book’ requires stack classifier phau, ‘letter’ and ‘postcard’ require message classifier tsab | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tzotzil | |
| Lexeme | vun | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | World Loanword Database | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'document', from the Proto-Mayan word for 'a type of bark (amate)' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hani | |
| Lexeme | so³¹ɣa³¹ | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Jinuo (Jino) | |
| Lexeme | a³³pjo³³ | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 | |
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Selkup | |
| Lexeme | на́гыр ~ на́гэр | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | Consolidated Selkup | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Classical Armenian | |
| Lexeme | tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | tʿułtʿ uruagrutʿean (թուղթ ուրուագրութեան) drawing-paper |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | tʿułtʿ aṙakʿel (թուղթ առաքել) to send a letter |
| Reference | Ačaṙean | |
| Comment | According to Ačaṙyan, derived by metathesis from earlier *թութղ (*tʿutʿł), from Latin titulus 'inscription, title, label'. Thus, the sense of 'letter, epistle' is the original one; the meaning 'paper' developed later. In Modern Armenian tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) 'paper', '(rare) letter, epistle'. | |
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Albanian | |
| Lexeme | letër | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | from Italian lettera, ultimately from Latin littera | |
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Batsbi | |
| Lexeme | kaɣald | |
| Meaning 1 | paper | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| Reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2013: 367 | |
| Comment | ||