paper
↔
letter (text)
20 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Aghul | |
| lexeme | k'eǯ | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (Sulejmanov 2003) | |
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Albanian | |
| lexeme | letër | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | from Italian lettera, ultimately from Latin littera | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Archi | |
| lexeme | kaʁəra | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | From Farsi. In Kibrik et al. (eds.) 1977 only 'paper' | |
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Batsbi | |
| lexeme | kaɣald | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2013: 367 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Armenian | |
| lexeme | tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) | |
| meaning 1 | paper | tʿułtʿ uruagrutʿean (թուղթ ուրուագրութեան) drawing-paper |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | tʿułtʿ aṙakʿel (թուղթ առաքել) to send a letter |
| reference | Ačaṙean | |
| comment | According to Ačaṙyan, derived by metathesis from earlier *թութղ (*tʿutʿł), from Latin titulus 'inscription, title, label'. Thus, the sense of 'letter, epistle' is the original one; the meaning 'paper' developed later. In Modern Armenian tʿułtʿ (թուղթ) 'paper', '(rare) letter, epistle'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | كاغذ kāġaz | |
| meaning 1 | paper | كاغذ خطدار kāġaz-e xatdār ruled paper |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | كاغذ فرستادن kāġaz ferestādan To send a letter |
| reference | Rubinčik 1970: 297 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gagauz | |
| lexeme | kiyat | |
| meaning 1 | paper | йазмак кийады writing paper |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter | кийат каблетмää to get a letter |
| reference | ||
| comment | ГРМС 268. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gurindji | |
| lexeme | mirlimirli | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. From Jaru mirlimirli 'paper', Tharrgari mirli 'paperbark tree' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hani | |
| lexeme | so³¹ɣa³¹ | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hup | |
| lexeme | cug’æ̌t | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book'. historically the same as 'leaf'. Possibly from j’ug-g’æt 'forest-leaf' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Jinuo (Jino) | |
| lexeme | a³³pjo³³ | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Sūn 1991 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kali'na (Carib) | |
| lexeme | kaleta | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'birth certificate', 'postcard', 'newspaper', 'government document'. From Spanish carta 'letter' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lezgian | |
| lexeme | čar | |
| meaning 1 | paper; sheet of paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter; document | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (LezgRus 367) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lezgian | |
| lexeme | kaʁɨz | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter; document | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (LezgRus 147). The same in Tabassaran (КАГЪАЗ), cf. (TabRus 188). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malagasy | |
| lexeme | taratàsy | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 From Arabian qartās 'paper' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Q'eqchi' | |
| lexeme | hu | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book' | |
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Selkup | |
| lexeme | на́гыр ~ на́гэр | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Consolidated Selkup | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Somali | |
| lexeme | warqad(-da) | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | Alejnikov 2012: 335 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tzotzil | |
| lexeme | vun | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'document', from the Proto-Mayan word for 'a type of bark (amate)' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | White Hmong (Hmong Daw) | |
| lexeme | ntawv | |
| meaning 1 | paper | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | letter (text) | |
| reference | World Loanword Database | |
| comment | CLICS-3 Also 'book', 'postcard'; ‘book’ requires stack classifier phau, ‘letter’ and ‘postcard’ require message classifier tsab | |