worm
→
red
4 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Jewish Aramaic | |
| lexeme 1 | tōlaʕtā | |
| lexeme 2 | tōlaʕnā | |
| meaning 1 | worm | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | scarlet, bright red | |
| reference | Jastrow: 1653 | |
| comment | Cf. Also the Old Hebr. mətullāʕ 'dyed with cochineal (dyed red)' (Hapax Legomenon in Nahum 2:4), from tōlēʕā 'worm', see HALOT1568, HALOT 1603. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Old French | |
| lexeme 1 | vermiculus | |
| lexeme 2 | vermeil | |
| meaning 1 | little worm (→ the scarlet worm, Vulg. Exod. 35, 25; cf. Hier. Ep. 64, 19) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | bright red; vermilion | |
| reference | Robert historique | |
| comment | From the same source Portuguese vermelho 'red', Italian vermiglio 'bright red', Spanish bermejo 'reddish, vermilion', Old Occitan vermelh 'reddish' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Old Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme 1 | чрьвь (črĭvĭ) | |
| lexeme 2 | чрьвенъ (črĭvenŭ), чрьвлѥнъ (črĭvljenŭ) | |
| meaning 1 | worm | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | red, scarlet | |
| reference | Cejtlin et al. 1994: 782 | |
| comment | from IE *qʷr̥mi- 'worm'. Also Belarusian чырвоны (čyrvony) ‘red’, Russian червонный (červonnyj) ‘red’, Ukrainian червоний (červonyj) ‘red’, Bulgarian червен (červen) ‘red’, Macedonian црвен (crven) ‘red; red-haired’, Serbo-Croatian цр̀вен (cr̀ven) ‘red’, Slovenian črlèn‘red’, Czech červený ‘red’, Kashubian czerwiony ‘red’, Polabian carvenĕ ‘red’, Old Polish czerwiony ‘red’, Polish czerwony ‘red’, Slovak červený ‘red’, Lower Sorbian cerwjeny ‘red’, Upper Sorbian čerwjeny ‘red’. Basic terms for ‘red’ in all languages except Russian and Slovenian | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old English | |
| language 2 | Old Prussian | |
| lexeme 1 | wyrm | |
| lexeme 2 | urmian | |
| meaning 1 | creeping insect; maggot, grub, worm | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | red | |
| reference | Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984 | |
| comment | From Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin vermis ‘worm’, Lithuanian varmas ‘midge’, Old East Slavic вермие ‘locusts, worms’, Ancient Greek ῥόμος ‘earthworm’ and Old Frisian wurma ‘crinson, purple’ See also Old English wurma ‘a shellfish from which purple dye is obtained; purple dye’ | |
Scale insects (superfamily Coccoidea) were used to make the crimson dye. In the Mediterranean, the main source was Kermes vermillo, in Near East - Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal, Ararat cochineal or Ararat scale) in Central and Eastern Europe - Margarodes polonicus, or Porphyrophora polonica (Polish cochineal), in North America - Dactylopius coccus (Mexican cochineal) See also Indo-European derivatives of reflexes PIE *qʷr̥m- 'worm' (Farsi kirm, Sanskrit kŕ̻mī, kr̥mījā, Walde, Pokorny 523). Indo-European root connected with Middle Persian klmyr /karmīr/ ‘red, crimson’, Sogdian krmʾyr /karmīr, kərmīr/ ‘red’, Armenian karmir (կարմիր) ‘red’, Old Irish gorm ‘crimson; blue; dark’ (Vasilevič (ed.) 2007, 236–238 ), Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic gorm, Manx gorrym ‘blue’ and with Old Church Slavonic чрьмьнъ ‘red’ (in Чрьмьное море ‘Red sea). From Indo-European sources are Hebrew karmīl 'crimson and the things dyed with it' (HAL 498f.) and Classical Arabian ḳirmīziyy- ‘rouge, teint en rouge, cramoisy’ (BK II 725). Arabian qirmiz ‘Kermes vermillo, cochineal’ → Medieval Latin cremesinus ‘cochineal’ → Old Spanish cremesin → English crimson. Also Armenian vordan karmir (որդան կարմիր) ‘red dye made from Armenian cochineal’ literally ‘worm's red’