cattle
↔
property, possessions
31 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Adyghe | |
| lexeme | былым | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | property, possessions | |
| reference | Txarkaxo 1991: 39 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Akkadian | |
| lexeme 1 | būlu | |
| lexeme 2 | beˀālu | |
| meaning 1 | livestock, (household) animals; herd of cattle, sheep, or horses | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | to rule, to be in authority (over people, property, etc.) | |
| reference | CAD: b 199, 313 AHw.: 120, 137 | |
| comment | The Akkadian lexeme can be reconstructed as *buˁl “possession, what is owned”, a PuRS-derivative model from PS *bˁl “to own, to possess” (Kogan 2011:237); Akk. bēlu 'master, ruler; owner' (CAD b 191). |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | πρόβατον | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | movables | |
| reference | ||
| comment | LSJ 1471 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Ancient Hebrew | |
| lexeme 1 | קָנָה qānā | |
| lexeme 2 | מִקְנֶה miqnǟ | |
| meaning 1 | to possess | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | livestock, cattle | |
| reference | HALOT: 628 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | Classical Arabic | |
| lexeme | اقْتَنَى ˀiqtanā (VIII stem) | |
| meaning 1 | to possess | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to acquire cattle (camels) | |
| reference | Lane: 2994 Lane: 2094 | |
| comment | The same is demonstrated in the first stem as well: قَنَا غَنَمًا qanā ˁanaman "he acquired goats (sheep)" (to possess -> to breed cattle). Cf. also قِنْوَةٌ, قِنْيَةٌ qinwat-, qinyat- 'sheep or goats acquired as permanent possesion' (Lane 2094). |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | stock | |
| meaning 1 | farm or ranch animals | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | fund, property | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The meaning of 'cattle' has been registered since the 16th century, the word livestock since the 18th. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Evenki | |
| lexeme | абду, авду (abdu, avdu) | |
| meaning 1 | cattle, herd | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | household, possessions | |
| reference | Vasilevič 1958: 11, 13, 14 Boldyrev 2000: 1, 13 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Gothic | |
| language 2 | Old Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme 1 | skatts | |
| lexeme 2 | скотъ | |
| meaning 1 | money | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cattle | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Фасмер 3, 655, Old Icel. skattr 'tax', Old Sax. skat 'coin, wealth', Germ. Schatz 'treasure' Old Slav. Сл. 607, Lehmann 309 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Icelandic | |
| lexeme | fé | |
| meaning 1 | livestock; cattle, chiefly sheep | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | money | koma heim með fullar hendur fjár to come home with hands full of money |
| reference | ISLEX | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Irish Gaelic | |
| lexeme | airnēis | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | goods, possessions, furniture | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Possible loanword cf. Middle English harneis 'equipment' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme 1 | pecus | |
| lexeme 2 | pecunia | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| meaning 2 | possessions, wealth | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (Glare 1317) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Latin | |
| language 2 | Breton | |
| lexeme 1 | solidus | |
| lexeme 2 | saout | |
| meaning 1 | golden coin; later - money, possessions | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | cattle | |
| reference | ||
| comment | saout < solt | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old East Slavic | |
| lexeme | скотъ | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | possessions, money | Начаша скотъ събирати отъ мужа 4 куны, а отъ старостъ по 10 гри |
| reference | ||
| comment | Срезневский 387-388, Ларин Б. А. Лекции по истории русского литературного языка (X - XVIII в.) СПб., 2005, с. 92 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Irish | |
| lexeme | indile | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | possessions | |
| reference | ||
| comment | cf. Old Bret. endlim 'possessions', Welsh Ennil, yinnill 'profit' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old Norse | |
| language 2 | Latvian | |
| lexeme 1 | naut | |
| lexeme 2 | nauda | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | property, money | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Cf. Got. niutan, Old Eng. Nēotan 'enjoy, make use of, obtain' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Old Sweden | |
| language 2 | Swedish | |
| lexeme | boskap | |
| meaning 1 | household, household goods, property | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cattle | |
| reference | ||
| comment | From bo 'house' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Pashto | |
| language 2 | Khwaresmian | |
| lexeme 1 | bodá | |
| lexeme 2 | bdwn | |
| meaning 1 | beast animals | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | possessions | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ЭСИЯ 2, 135 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | dobytek | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | possessions | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ЭССЯ 5, 47,49 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | Sabaic | |
| lexeme | ḳny | |
| meaning 1 | to acquire | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | livestock, cattle | |
| reference | SD: 106 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Somali | |
| lexeme | xoolo | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | ↔ | |
| meaning 2 | property, possessions; wealth | |
| reference | Alejnikov 2012: 356 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | Soqotri | |
| lexeme 1 | ḳénho | |
| lexeme 2 | ḳén(h)o | |
| meaning 1 | property, possessions | ho
wu-ŝáḳar itími díki ḳénho ešífton (CSOL
I 7:4); ŝi al-ˁeḳáḷo ľa éˀefo wa-ľa ḳénho
ˁaṭaf féred éˀefo wa-ˀékeb gezíre (CSOL I 8:2) We are
competing over our cattle; she
spared nothing, neither people nor cattle. And people fled from there and
scattered throughout the island. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | animals, cattle | |
| reference | CSOL I: 590 CSOL II: 514 LS: 378 | |
| comment | From PS root *ḳny “to own, to possess” (Sima 2000, 134; Buck 1949, 143-145). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tatar | |
| lexeme | мал | |
| meaning 1 | cattle, livestock | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | property, possessions | |
| reference | Asylgaraev, Ganiev et al. (eds.) 2007: 2, 15 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tigre | |
| lexeme | nəway | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | possessions, money | |
| reference | WTS: 335 | |
| comment | Cf. Also the Ge'ez nəway 'possessions, homeware'. The direction is possibly B > A. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tigre | |
| lexeme | ʔənsus | |
| meaning 1 | cattle, domestic animals | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | property | |
| reference | WTS: 372 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tigrinya | |
| lexeme | ṭərit | |
| meaning 1 | livestock | ʔəti ṣärä zäraʔti baləʕ nəməṭfaʔ zənəṣṣäg zällo mädhanit ʔab ləʕli ṭərit mot kämzäsʕabä gäliṣu explaining that the insecticide sprayed to destroy grain-eating pests would cause livestock to die |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | riches, wealth, goods, property, possessions, estate | bəḥtawi ṭərit personal, private property |
| reference | TED: 2434 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Tigrinya | |
| language 2 | Classical Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | mal | |
| lexeme 2 | māl- | |
| meaning 1 | herd (of livestock) | bəgulḥay məḵnəyat maläy kʷəllu ʕaribu All my cattle have perished on account of an epizootic disease. |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | possessions, money ('bien, fortune, avoir, argent, richesses') | |
| reference | BK: II 147 TED: 1847 | |
| comment | Cf. also Classical Arab. māl- 'troupeau de chameaux' (a flock of camels) (BK II 147); Tigrinya mal 'goods, property, wealth' (now obsolete) (TED 318). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language 1 | Turkish | |
| language 2 | Old Turkic | |
| lexeme 1 | dawar | |
| lexeme 2 | тавар | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| meaning 2 | possessions | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | mal | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | property, possessions | |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 600 | |
| comment | From Arabic. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tuvan | |
| lexeme | кошкул | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| meaning 2 | possessions | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Welsh | |
| lexeme | da | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | goods | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Also da byw lit. 'live goods' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Welsh | |
| lexeme 1 | gwartheg | |
| lexeme 2 | gwerth | |
| meaning 1 | cattle | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | worth, value | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Buck 153 | |
Buck 143-145. Benveniste 1995 argues in favor of semantic development 'property' -> 'cattle' in Greek and Latin.