The Database of Semantic Shifts in the languages of the world

ID	Meaning 1	Direction	Meaning 2
533	back (body part)	→	plateau	Open

Comment
Ср. также англ. back 'спина'. В сочетании со словами, обозначающими холмы и горы, означает верхнюю поверхность. Ср. We now rambled about on the broad back of the hill 'Теперь мы бродили по широкой вершине холма' (N. Hawthorne по OED).

ACCEPTED Realization 1
type		Polysemy
language		Ancient Greek
lexeme		ῥάχις
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	ridge of a hill or mountain
reference
comment		(LSJ 1566). Cf. rachia 'rocky shore, shore rock, surf' (Murzaev 1974: 132).

ACCEPTED Realization 2
type		Derivation
language		Armenian
lexeme 1		вогн
lexeme 2		вогунк
meaning 1	spinal bone
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 130)

ACCEPTED Realization 3
type		Polysemy
language		Bulgarian
lexeme		grăb
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain crest
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 4
type		Polysemy
language		English
lexeme		back
meaning 1	back
direction	→
meaning 2	mountain crest	We now rambled about on the broad back of the hill. Теперь мы бродили по широкой вершине холма
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 5
type		Polysemy
language		Finnish
lexeme		selkä
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	range, hill
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 6
type		Polysemy
language		German
lexeme		Rücken
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain range, mountain spine
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 7
type		Polysemy
language		Italian
lexeme		schiena
meaning 1	back	soffrir dolori alla schiena to feel pain in the back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 8
type		Polysemy
language		Japanese
lexeme		se (背)
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain crest
reference
comment		EDICT.

ACCEPTED Realization 9
type		Polysemy
language		Kazakh
lexeme		арка
meaning 1	back
direction	→
meaning 2	hill, range
reference
comment		The same in Uyghur (Murzaev 1974: 129, 132).

ACCEPTED Realization 10
type		Polysemy
language		Khakas
lexeme		арға
meaning 1	back
direction	→
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 11
type		Polysemy
language		Lak
lexeme		barʜ
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 12
type		Polysemy
language		Latin
lexeme		dorsum
meaning 1	back
direction	→
meaning 2	range
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132; Glare 573-574)

ACCEPTED Realization 13
type		Polysemy
language		Lezgian
lexeme		q’asq’an
meaning 1	back and shoulders
direction	—
meaning 2	range	дагъдин кьаскьан mountain range
reference
comment		(LezgRus 198)

ACCEPTED Realization 14
type		Polysemy
language		Lithuanian
lexeme		gubrỹs
meaning 1	back, scruff
direction	—
meaning 2	hill
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 15
type		Polysemy
language		Lithuanian
lexeme		kaũbre
meaning 1	hump, back
direction	—
meaning 2	hill
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 16
type		Polysemy
language		Lithuanian
lexeme		kupra
meaning 1	back, hunch
direction	—
meaning 2	hill, mound
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 17
type		Polysemy
language		Mongolian (Khalkha)
lexeme		nuruu
meaning 1	spinal cord
direction	→
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 130, 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 18
type		Polysemy
language		Mongolian (Khalkha)
lexeme		ser
meaning 1	spinal cord
direction	—
meaning 2	hill, range
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 131, 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 19
type		Polysemy
language		Nganasan
lexeme		чиридеə
meaning 1	spinal cord
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain crest, mountain range
reference
comment		НМС 3606

ACCEPTED Realization 20
type		Polysemy
language		Osetin
lexeme		раг
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain range, mountain spine
reference
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 131, 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 21
type		Polysemy
language		Russian
lexeme		хребет (hrebet)
meaning 1	spine	спинной хребет spine, vertebral column
direction	→
meaning 2	range (of mountains)	горный хребет mountain range
reference		MAS
comment		(Murzaev 1974: 132)

ACCEPTED Realization 22
type		Polysemy
language		Sanskrit
lexeme		pṛṣṭhá
meaning 1	back
direction	→
meaning 2	mountain range
reference
comment		Кочергина 406

ACCEPTED Realization 23
type		Polysemy
language		Swahili
lexeme		mgongo
meaning 1	back	geuka mgongo to turn one's back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain crest, roof crest	mgongo wa mlima mountain range
reference
comment		Polikanov

ACCEPTED Realization 24
type		Polysemy
language		Tigrinya
lexeme		zəban
meaning 1	back (of the body)
direction	—
meaning 2	ridge, plateau
reference		TED: 1990
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 25
type		Polysemy
language		Tuvan
lexeme		сирт
meaning 1	back
direction	—
meaning 2	mountain crest, mountain range
reference
comment		The same in all Turkic languages. The same in: Turkish [(Murzaev 1974: 132]