people, nation heathen, pagan 5 realizations MACROAREA: Eurasia
NEW Realization 1
type Derivation
language Ancient Greek
lexeme 1 ἔθνος
lexeme 2 ἐθνικός
meaning 1 tribe, kin, nation
direction
meaning 2 heathen, pagan, gentile

φιλίαι ἐθνικαί (Herm.Mand.10.1.4)


friendships with pagans

reference DGE LSJ
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NEW Realization 2
type Polysemy
language Ancient Hebrew
lexeme goy (גּוֹי)
meaning 1 (biblical) nation

wəʾeʿeśəḵā ləḡōy gāḏōl waʾăḇāreḵəḵā waʾăḡaddəlā šəméḵā wehyē bərāḵā. (וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה׃)


And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and be thou a blessing. (Tanach, Genesis 12:2, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society)

direction
meaning 2 (from Late Ancient Hebrew, Judaism) gentile

c. 30 BCE, “11.14–15”, in Damascus Covenant:

        אל ישבית איש במקום קרוב לגויים בשבת

            A man may not stay in a place close to goyim on Shabbat.

189, “Shabbat 13:10”, in Tosefta:

        אין משכירין כלים לגוי בערב שבת וברביעי ובחמישי מותר

            Tools may not be lent to a goy on Erev Shabbat, Wednesday or Thursday.

c. 1180, Maimonides, “Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot 11:8”, in Mishneh Torah:

        וְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמָר גּוֹי סְתָם, הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה.

            And wherever we simply say "goy," this means an idolator.

1563, Joseph Karo, “Orach Chayim 46.4”, in Shulchan Aruch:

        צריך לברך בכל יום שלא עשני גוי שלא עשני עבד שלא עשני אשה

            It is necessary to bless every day: who didn't make me a goy, who didn't make me a slave, who didn't make me a woman.

reference English Wiktionary
comment

'nation' > 'nation other than Israel' > 'gentile (a non-Jewish person), goy'

The semantic shift to "member of another nation" had already begun in antiquity, appearing in extrabiblical sources such as the Damascus Document

Bauer, Hans (1915), “Kleine Mitteilungen”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, volume 69, page 566 https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-8179-60710-16/fragment/page=00000622 

NEW Realization 3
type Polysemy
language Latin
lexeme gentilis
meaning 1 of or belonging to the same people or nation
direction
meaning 2 heathen, pagan
reference Lewis, Short LSJ
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NEW Realization 4
type Derivation
language Old Church Slavonic
lexeme 1 ѩзꙑкъ
lexeme 2 ѩзꙑчьникъ
meaning 1 people, nation
direction
meaning 2 heathen, pagan
reference Cejtlin et al. 1994
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NEW Realization 5
type Derivation
language Old East Slavic
lexeme 1 ѧзꙑкъ, ꙗзꙑкъ, ѩзꙑкъ
lexeme 2 ѧзꙑчьникъ
meaning 1 people, nation
direction
meaning 2 heathen, pagan
reference Sreznevskij
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