Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Armenian | |
| lexeme 1 | aṙyuc (առյուծ) + katu (կատու) | |
| lexeme 2 | katvaṙyuc (կատվառյուծ) | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + cat | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Mēnēvišean, Gabriēl (1897), Patkerazard bnakan patmutʻiwn, A. Kendanabanutʻiwn, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, page 60 https://books.google.com/books?id=NFEdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA60 |
|
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Burmese | |
| lexeme 1 | hkrangse. (ခြင်္သေ့) + taung (တောင်) | |
| lexeme 2 | taunghkrangse. (တောင်ခြင်္သေ့) | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | SEAlang Burmrse | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Cantonese Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | si1 (獅) + mei5 zau1 (美洲) | |
| lexeme 2 | mei5 zau1 si1 (美洲獅) | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + America | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Dutch | |
| lexeme 1 | leeuw + berg | |
| lexeme 2 | bergleeuw | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | HWNF | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Finnish | |
| lexeme 1 | leijona + vuori | |
| lexeme 2 | vuorileijona | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dated) cougar | |
| reference | Kielitoimiston sanakirja | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme 1 | lion + montagne | |
| lexeme 2 | lion des montagnes | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | CNRTL | |
| comment | Also lion d'Amérique 'American lion', lion du Chili 'Chilean lion', and lion des Péruviens 'Peruvian lion'(CNRTL) | |
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Georgian | |
| lexeme 1 | lomi (ლომი) + mta (მთა) | |
| lexeme 2 | mtis lomi (მთის ლომი) | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme 1 | Löwe + Berg | |
| lexeme 2 | Berglöwe | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | DWDS | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | shī (獅) + Měizhōu (美洲) | |
| lexeme 2 | Měizhōu shī (美洲獅) | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + America | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Navajo | |
| lexeme 1 | náshdóítsoh bitsiijįʼ daditłʼooígíí | |
| lexeme 2 | náshdóítsoh | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | From náshdóítsoh (“cougar; puma”) (this being from náshdóí (“wildcat”) + -tsoh (“big”)) + bitsiiʼ (“his head”) + -jįʼ (“up to”) + da- (plural marker) + ditłʼo (“it is hairy”) + -ígíí (nominalizer). |
|
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme 1 | león + montaña | |
| lexeme 2 | león de montaña | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (Mexico, US) cougar | |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | Diccionario de americanismos, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, 2010 https://www.asale.org/damer/?key=le%C3%B3n |
|
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Temascaltepec Nahuatl (Almomoloa Nahuatl) | |
| lexeme | mistli | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme 1 | aslan + dağ | |
| lexeme 2 | dağ aslanı | |
| meaning 1 | lion (Panthera leo) + mountain | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cougar | |
| reference | TDKS | |
| comment | ||
Most nominations in Old World languages follow the "mountain lion" model and arose as a result of semantic borrowing from English. Less common patterns include "American lion" (Chinese varieties) and "cat + lion" (Armenian). In most languages, such terms are obsolete and/or bookish, and have been replaced by borrowings from Quechua puma or French couguar (from Portuguese cuguardo, a deformation of Brazilian Portuguese suçuarana (earlier çuçuarana), from Old Tupi sûasuarana).
The opposite direction of semantic shift is found in American languages (Navajo, Temascaltepec Nahuatl).