Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Digor Ossetian | |
| language 2 | Avestan | |
| lexeme 1 | муд | |
| lexeme 2 | maδu | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | wine | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Proto-Iranian *mádu 'honey, wine', from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mádʰu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu Proto-Scythian *maδu > Khotanese mau 'intoxicent drink', Proto-Sarmatian *mauδ > Alanic mud > Digor Ossetian: муд, Iron Ossetian: мыд 'honey' Northern Kurdish: mot, motî, motik 'grape syrup' Central Kurdish mey, Northern Kurdish: mey Thordarson, Fridrik (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, § 4.2.5 Ossetic, page 460 |
|
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malayalam | |
| lexeme | kaḷḷŭ (കള്ള്) | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | toddy, an alcoholic beverage made from the sap of certain tropical trees; any alcohol | |
| reference | Gundert Malayalam dictionary | |
| comment | From Proto-Dravidian *kaḷ 'toddy' Warrier, M. I. (2008), Malayalam-English Dictionary, 22nd edition, Kottayam: DC Books |
|
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme | mádhu (मधु॑) | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | any sweet intoxicating drink, wine or spirituous liquor | |
| reference | MW: 779 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sinhalese | |
| lexeme | madhu (මධු) | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | spirituous liquor | |
| reference | Carter 1924: 475 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | kaḷ (கள்) | |
| meaning 1 | (archaic) honey | |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | toddy (from palm tree), liquor | |
| reference | Tamil lexicon | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | matu (மது) | |
| meaning 1 | (archaic) honey | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | alcohol | matu aruntutal uṭal nalattiṟku tīṅku viḷaivikkum. (மது அருந்துதல் உடல் நலத்திற்கு தீங்கு விளைவிக்கும்.) Alcohol consumption is harmful to health. |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | அகராதி: தமிழ் → ஆங்கில அகரமுதலி [Agarathi: Tamil → English Dictionary], 2023 https://agarathi.com/word/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81 |
|
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Telugu | |
| lexeme | madhuvu (మధువు) | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | wine, spirits | |
| reference | Brown Telugu dictionary: 949 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Internal cognates | |
| language | Urdu | |
| lexeme 1 | madhū (مَدُھو) | |
| lexeme 2 | mai (مے) | |
| meaning 1 | honey | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | wine; liquor, alcohol | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Urdu mai is dorrowed from Classical Persian may 'wine', ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu 'honey, mead' Urdu madhu is borrowed from Sanskrit madhu 'honey' from *médʰu Fallon, S. W. (1879),A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 1086 https://rekhtadictionary.com/search?keyword={{#urlencode:%D9%85%DB%92}} John Shakespear (1834), A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, page 1597 http://udb.gov.pk/result.php?search={{#urlencode:%D9%85%DB%92}} |
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