honey alcohol 8 realizations MACROAREA: Eurasia
NEW Realization 1
type Cognates
language 1 Digor Ossetian
language 2 Avestan
lexeme 1 муд
lexeme 2 maδu
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 wine
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Proto-Iranian *mádu 'honey, wine', from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mádʰu, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu

Proto-Scythian *maδu > Khotanese mau 'intoxicent drink', Proto-Sarmatian *mauδ > Alanic mud > Digor Ossetian: муд, Iron Ossetian: мыд 'honey'
Bactrian μολο (molo /⁠mol, mul⁠) 'wine', Sogdian: mδw /⁠maδu⁠/, mwδ /⁠muδ⁠/) 'wine'

Northern Kurdish: mot, motî, motik 'grape syrup'
Talysh ⁠mad⁠, məd 'wine'
Harzani mat 'thick syrup; molasses', Karingani māt 'syrup'        Parthian: Manichaean script my /⁠may⁠/, Inscriptional Parthian script ḤMR /⁠maδ⁠/
Middle Persian: Manichaean script: my, Book Pahlavi script mdy, Classical Persian: may 'wine', Dari may, Iranian Persian mey, Tajik май

Central Kurdish mey, Northern Kurdish: mey

Thordarson, Fridrik (1989), Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor, Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, § 4.2.5 Ossetic, page 460
Morgenstierne, Georg (1927), An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo; 3), Oslo: J. Dybwad, page 44
Bailey, H. W. (1979), Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 340
Kim, Ronald I. (2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics, volume 112, page 48
Gharib, B. (1995), Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page xxxv
Zakâ, Yahyâ (2018), Jastâr-hâ'i darbâre-ye zabân-e mardom-e Âzarbâyjân [Essays on the language of the Azerbaijani people] (Majmu'ah-i intešârât adabi va târixi, mawqufât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr Yazdi; 64), Tehran: Intishârât-i Duktur Mahmud Afšâr, page 154 

NEW Realization 2
type Polysemy
language Malayalam
lexeme kaḷḷŭ (കള്ള്)
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 toddy, an alcoholic beverage made from the sap of certain tropical trees; any alcohol
reference Gundert Malayalam dictionary
comment

From Proto-Dravidian *kaḷ 'toddy'

Warrier, M. I. (2008), Malayalam-English Dictionary, 22nd edition, Kottayam: DC Books
Burrow, T.; Emeneau, M. B. (1984), A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press
https://dict.sayahna.org/stv/43656/
https://olam.in/DictionaryML/ml/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D

NEW Realization 3
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme mádhu (मधु॑)
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 any sweet intoxicating drink, wine or spirituous liquor
reference MW: 779
comment
NEW Realization 4
type Polysemy
language Sinhalese
lexeme madhu (මධු)
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 spirituous liquor
reference Carter 1924: 475
comment
NEW Realization 5
type Polysemy
language Tamil
lexeme kaḷ (கள்)
meaning 1 (archaic) honey
direction
meaning 2 toddy (from palm tree), liquor
reference Tamil lexicon
comment
NEW Realization 6
type Polysemy
language Tamil
lexeme matu (மது)
meaning 1 (archaic) honey
direction
meaning 2 alcohol

matu aruntutal uṭal nalattiṟku tīṅku viḷaivikkum. (மது அருந்துதல் உடல் நலத்திற்கு தீங்கு விளைவிக்கும்.)


Alcohol consumption is harmful to health.

reference English Wiktionary
comment

அகராதி: தமிழ் → ஆங்கில அகரமுதலி [Agarathi: Tamil → English Dictionary], 2023 https://agarathi.com/word/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81

NEW Realization 7
type Polysemy
language Telugu
lexeme madhuvu (మధువు)
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 wine, spirits
reference Brown Telugu dictionary: 949
comment
NEW Realization 8
type Internal cognates
language Urdu
lexeme 1 madhū (مَدُھو)
lexeme 2 mai (مے)
meaning 1 honey
direction
meaning 2 wine; liquor, alcohol
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Urdu mai is dorrowed from Classical Persian may 'wine', ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu 'honey, mead'

Urdu madhu is borrowed from Sanskrit madhu 'honey' from *médʰu

Fallon, S. W. (1879),A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 1086
Platts, John T. (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 1017, 1130
ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2026. https://rekhtadictionary.com/search?keyword={{#urlencode:%D9%85%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%88}} 

https://rekhtadictionary.com/search?keyword={{#urlencode:%D9%85%DB%92}}

John Shakespear (1834), A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, page 1597
اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017. http://udb.gov.pk/result_details.php?word={{#urlencode:78281}} 

http://udb.gov.pk/result.php?search={{#urlencode:%D9%85%DB%92}}