long-nosed
→
person of the Caucasian race
5 realizations
MACROAREA: Eurasia
Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Hakka Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | to̍k (啄) | |
| lexeme 2 | â-to̍k-é (阿啄仔) | |
| meaning 1 | pointy nose | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory, ethnic slur) westerner; Caucasian | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Korean | |
| lexeme 1 | ko (코) | |
| lexeme 2 | kojaeng'i (코쟁이) | |
| meaning 1 | nose | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory, ethnic slur) Westerner | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | -jaeng'i, derogatory suffix 우리말샘, National Institute of the Korean Language, 2016–2026 https://opendict.korean.go.kr/dictionary/view?sense_no=296526&viewType=confirm |
|
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Rengao | |
| lexeme | la gằwʹ mŭ̀h ʹnhwing | |
| meaning 1 | long noses | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | Westerners | |
| reference | Gregerson & Gregerson 2026: 224 | |
| comment | Also mù mùh pèl flat-nosedʹ people (i.e. Vietnamese) |
|
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Southern Min (Min Nan) | |
| lexeme 1 | tok (啄) | |
| lexeme 2 | a-tok-á (阿啄仔) | |
| meaning 1 | pointy nose | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Southern Min (Min Nan) | |
| lexeme 1 | tok-phīⁿ (啄鼻) + á (仔) | |
| lexeme 2 | tok-phīⁿ-á (啄鼻仔) | |
| meaning 1 | hooked nose; nose that is shaped like the beak of a parrot + young | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||