Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Cantonese Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | gwai2 (鬼) + lou2 (佬) | |
| lexeme 2 | gwai2 lou2 (鬼佬) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + man; guy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (colloquial, derogatory, sometimes offensive, ethnic slur) person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | From the supposed resemblance of Portuguese and other European skin tones to ghosts. Prior to the 1980s, the term was commonly prefixed in Cantonese by 死 (sei2, “damned”), with the meaning "damned ghost bastard, damned foreign devil". |
|
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Cantonese Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | gwai2 (鬼) + faan1 (番) | |
| lexeme 2 | faan1 gwai2 (番鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + foreign | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) foreigner, especially a Westerner | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Cantonese Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | gwai2 (鬼) + hung4 mou4 (紅毛) | |
| lexeme 2 | hung4 mou4 gwai2 (紅毛鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + red-haired | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) a Dutch or British person, or Western foreigners in general | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Cantonese Chinese | |
| lexeme 1 | gwai2 (鬼) + baak6 (白) | |
| lexeme 2 | baak6 gwai2 (白鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + white | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Maori | |
| lexeme 1 | pākehakeha, pakepakehā | |
| lexeme 2 | pākehā | |
| meaning 1 | mythical, human like being, with fair skin and hair who possessed canoes made of reeds which changed magically into sailing vessels | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | MD | |
| comment | Hoani Nahe, "The Origins of the Words 'Pakeha' and 'Kaipuke'", Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 3, December 1894 https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_3_1894/Volume_3%2C_No.4%2C_December_1894/The_origin_of_the_words_%26%2339%3BPakeha%26%2339%3B_and_%26%2339%3BKaipuke%26%2339%3B_by_Hoani_Nahe%2C_p_235-236/p1?action=null Ranford, Jodie (2000). "'Pakeha', its origin and meaning". ACE Papers. 6: Graduate Student Work – Issues in Contemporary Education. Paper 8. Auckland College of Education: 64–70 https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/items/0b66e93e-34bb-434f-88ad-dd916fd642f5 Royal, Te Ahukaramū Charles (2005). "Māori – The arrival of Europeans". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori/page-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Min Dong (Eastern Min) | |
| lexeme 1 | gūi (鬼) + lō̤ (佬) | |
| lexeme 2 | gūi-lō̤ (鬼佬) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + man; guy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (colloquial, derogatory, sometimes offensive, ethnic slur) person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Southern Min (Min Nan) | |
| lexeme 1 | gui2 (鬼) + huang1 (番) | |
| lexeme 2 | huang1 gui2 (番鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | evil spirit + foreign | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Southern Min (Min Nan) | |
| lexeme 1 | gui2 (鬼) + ang5 mo5 (紅毛) | |
| lexeme 2 | ang5 mo5 gui2 (紅毛鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + red-haired | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (derogatory) a Dutch or British person, or Western foreigners in general | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Taiwanese Hokkien | |
| lexeme 1 | kúi (鬼) + hoan-á (番仔) | |
| lexeme 2 | hoan-á-kúi (番仔鬼) | |
| meaning 1 | ghost + foreigner | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | person of the Caucasian race | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | ||