Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | woggin | |
| meaning 1 | great auk | 1762, Journal of Micajah Coffin / logbook of the Sandwich, sloop of Nantucket, voyage of 1762, quoted by Olson and Lund (see further reading): |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | penguin | 1792 December 20, Silvanus Crosby, logbook of the Asia, ship of Nantucket, Massachusetts, voyage of 1791–1794, quoted by Olson and Lund (see further reading): |
| reference | OED English Wiktionary | |
| comment | Found from at least 1762 through the late 1800s, at first in reference to auks. Olson and Lund speculate it initially referred to auks, followed penguin in being applied to Southern penguins, and fell out of use for auks after they went extinct, and for penguins after being displaced by penguin. Storrs L Olson, Judith N Lund, Whalers and woggins: a new vocabulary for interpreting some early accounts of the great auk and penguins (2007), in Archives of natural history 34 (1): 69–78 |
|
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Microevolution | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | penguin | |
| meaning 1 | (obsolete or historical) an auk (sometimes especially a great auk) | This last species of penguin, or auk, seems to be the same with the alca cirrhata of Dr. Pallis, Spicileg. Zool. Fasc. v. p. 7. tab. i. & v. fig. 1–3. F. (1772 March, “Account of the Settlement of the Malouines”, in The Gentleman's and London Magazine, page 166) |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | any of several flightless sea birds, of the family Spheniscidae within the order Sphenisciformes, found in the Southern Hemisphere, marked by their usual upright stance, walking on short legs, and (generally) their stark black and white plumage | Here are also birds cal'd Pen-gwins (white-head in Welch) like Pigmies walking upright, their finns or wings hanging very orderly downe like sleeves (1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section I) |
| reference | OED English Wiktionary | |
| comment | First attested in the 16th century in reference to the auk of the Northern hemisphere; the word was later applied to the superficially similar birds of the Southern hemisphere |
|
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | pingouin | |
| meaning 1 | (scientific context) auk | Partout ailleurs, la côte est faite de falaises de laves, escarpées et arides. Là, d'énormes albatros et des pingouins stupides se comptent par centaines de mille (Verne, Enf. cap. Grant, t.2, 1868, p.21). |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (informal) penguin | On nomme souvent à tort «pingouins» les manchots, oiseaux spéciaux à l'Antarctique, de constitution très différente, malgré une certaine analogie d'aspect due au plumage noir et blanc et à la station verticale à terre (Lar. encyclop.). |
| reference | CNRTL | |
| comment | ||