that third-person singular 139 realizations Global
NEW Realization 1
type Polysemy
language Afrikaans
lexeme dit
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 it (referring to non-personal singular nouns)
reference English Wiktionary
comment

From Dutch dit (“this”), from Middle Dutch dit, from Old Dutch thit.

NEW Realization 2
type Polysemy
language Akkadian
lexeme šī
meaning 1 that, this same (aforementioned feminine noun)
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference CAD
comment
NEW Realization 3
type Polysemy
language Akkadian
lexeme šū
meaning 1 that, this same (aforementioned masculine noun)
direction
meaning 2 he
reference CAD
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 4
type Polysemy
language Albanian
lexeme ai
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Demiraj, Bardhyl et al. (2021), “ai”, in DPEWA. Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen [DPEWA. Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of Old Albanian] https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=21924 

NEW Realization 5
type Polysemy
language Ancient Greek
lexeme
meaning 1 (Epic) that
direction
meaning 2 (Epic) third-person singular
reference LSJ
comment
NEW Realization 6
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Ancient Greek
language 2 Modern Greek
lexeme 1 οὗτος
lexeme 2 ούτος
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference DSMG
comment
NEW Realization 7
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Ancient Greek
language 2 Apulia-Calabrian Greek
lexeme 1 ἐκεῖνος
lexeme 2 cino
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, it
reference English Wiktionary
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 8
type Polysemy
language Armenian
lexeme na (նա)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference Gukasjan 1974 English Wiktionary
comment

In the spoken language, նա (na) is much more often a personal pronoun than a demonstrative, with demonstrative function fulfilled by դա (da) or էնի (ēni), depending on register. 

NEW Realization 9
type Polysemy
language Assamese
lexeme xi (সি)
meaning 1 (distal; familiar) that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 10
type Polysemy
language Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
lexeme awa (ܗ̇ܘ)
meaning 1 (dialectal) that
direction
meaning 2 he, it
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 11
type Semantic evolution
language Asturian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 elli
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 12
type Derivation
language Axininca
lexeme 1 irika, iroka, irinta, ironta, irintó, irontó
lexeme 2 irirori, iroori
meaning 1 this; that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment

irika (M), iroka (F) ‘proximal’, irinta (M), ironta (F) ‘medial’ and irintó (M), irontó (F) ‘distal’ 

irirori ‘he’, iroori ‘she’

NEW Realization 13
type Polysemy
language Azerbaijani
lexeme o
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 14
type Polysemy
language Basque
lexeme hura
meaning 1 that (far from speaker and listener)




direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference OEH
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 15
type Polysemy
language Bengali
lexeme śe (সে)
meaning 1 that (distal)
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 16
type Polysemy
language Brahui
lexeme o
meaning 1 medial demonstrative
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 17
type Polysemy
language Buriat
lexeme тэрэ
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Čeremisov 1973
comment
NEW Realization 18
type Cognates
language 1 Burmese
language 2 Pela (Bolo)
lexeme 1 yang: (ယင်း)
lexeme 2 jɔ̃³¹
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)

NEW Realization 19
type Polysemy
language Cantonese Chinese
lexeme kei3 (其)
meaning 1 (Shenzhen) that
direction
meaning 2 (Shenzhen) third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 20
type Polysemy
language Cebuano
lexeme siyá
meaning 1 this, that
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 21
type Polysemy
language Central Asmat
lexeme ar
meaning 1 proximal demonstrative
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 22
type Polysemy
language Chagatai
lexeme ol, ul
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 23
type Polysemy
language Classical Chinese
lexeme *ʔij (伊)
meaning 1 this; that
direction
meaning 2 he, him; she, her; it
reference English Wiktionary Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 24
type Cognates
language 1 Dhuwal
language 2 Gamilaraay
lexeme 1 nguru-
lexeme 2 nguru
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 25
type Polysemy
language Egyptian
lexeme pw
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 26
type Polysemy
language Finnish
lexeme se
meaning 1 that

Sitäkö sinä sillä tarkoitit?


That's what you meant by that?

direction
meaning 2 (colloquial or dialectal) he, she

Se vaan lähti.


He just left.

reference Kielitoimiston sanakirja English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 27
type Cognates
language 1 Finnish
language 2 Estonian
lexeme 1 tämä
lexeme 2 tema
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 he/she (3rd person singular animate personal pronoun)
reference EKSS
comment
NEW Realization 28
type Polysemy
language Gagauz
lexeme o
meaning 1 that

ver bana onu


give that to me

direction
meaning 2 third-person singular

onu tanêêrım


I know him

reference Gajdarži et al. 1973
comment
NEW Realization 29
type Polysemy
language Ganggalida
lexeme ṭanta
meaning 1 this one
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 30
type Polysemy
language Ganggalida
lexeme ṭant̪inta
meaning 1 that one
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 31
type Derivation
language Grand Valley Dani
lexeme 1 aty
lexeme 2 at
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 32
type Polysemy
language Gujarati
lexeme te (તે)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third person singular distal personal pronoun: he, she, it
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 33
type Derivation
language Hawaiian
lexeme 1 kēlā (lā, ana)
lexeme 2 ia (lā in dual., pl.)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 34
type Polysemy
language Hindi
lexeme vah (वह)
meaning 1 that

vah makān baṛā hai (वह मकान बड़ा है।)


That house is large.

direction
meaning 2 he, she, it; that one (distal third person singular personal pronoun)

vah choṭā hai. (वह छोटा है। ) vah choṭī hai (वह छोटी है। )


He is small. She is small.

reference McGregor 1993
comment

Platts, John T. (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact

NEW Realization 35
type Polysemy
language Hindi
lexeme yah (यह)
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 this one; he; she; it (proximal third person singular personal pronoun)
reference McGregor 1993
comment
NEW Realization 36
type Derivation
language Japanese
lexeme 1 ano (あの) + hito (人)
lexeme 2 anohito (あの人)
meaning 1 that + person
direction
meaning 2 he, she, that person over there (third person singular)
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 37
type Polysemy
language Jaqaru
lexeme aka, uka
meaning 1 this, that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular (referring to non-humans)

aka ‘this’ and uka ‘that’

reference Bhat 2013
comment
NEW Realization 38
type Derivation
language Jeju
lexeme 1 geu (그) + ai (아이)
lexeme 2 gai (가이)
meaning 1 that + kid, child
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular

Gain na beos-i-u-da. (가인 나 벗이우다.)


She's my friend.

reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 39
type Derivation
language Jeju
lexeme 1 i (이) + ai (아이)
lexeme 2 yai (야이)
meaning 1 this + kid, child
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 40
type Polysemy
language Judeo-Italian
lexeme ʔeso /esso/ (אֵיסוֹ)
meaning 1 that

    אִין טִִינְפוֹ אֵיסוֹ דִיטוֹ דֵי דוּמֵידֵית טְרַאיֵירַאנוֹ לִי אוֹסִי דֵי לִי רֵי דֵי יְהוּדַה אֵי לִי אוֹסִי דֵי לִי פְרִינְצִיפִי סוּאִי אֵי לִי אוֹסִי דֵי לִי סַאצֵירְדוֹטִי אֵי לִי אוֹסִי דֵי לִי פְרוּפֵֿיטִי אֵי לִי אוֹסִי דֵי לִי סְטַאיֵינְטִי דֵי יְרוּשַלַיִם דַא לִי סוּטֵירַאטוֹרִיאִי לוּרִי׃

ʔin ṭinəpo ʔeso diṭo de dumedeṯ ṭəraʔyeraʔno li ʔosi de li re de yəhudah ʔe li ʔosi de li pərinəṣepi suʔi ʔe li ʔosi de li saʔṣerədoṭi ʔe li ʔosi de li pərup̄eṭi ʔe li ʔosi de li səṭaʔyenəṭi de yərušalayim daʔ li suṭeraʔṭoriʔi luri.
    /"In tinpo esso", ditto de Dumeddeo, "trajeranno li ossi de li re de Yəhudah, e li ossi de li princepi sui, e li ossi de li sacerdoti, e li ossi de li prufeti, e li ossi de li stajenti de Yərušalayim da li sutterratorii luri["]/ Lu libero de Jirmiau, The Book of Jeremiah  chapter 8, verse 1, leaf 2, left page, lines 24–28: https://www.nli.org.il/En/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/viewerpage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001090500205171-1#$FL22558172&FL=FL22558415



"At that time," [was] a declaration of the Lord, "they will take the bones of the kings of Judah, and the bones of its princes, and the bones of the priests, and the bones of the prophets, and the bones of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, out of their graves."

direction
meaning 2 he, him אִין פְלַאנְטוֹ וֵירַאנוֹ אֵי אִין רֵיפְיַיאטַאמֵינְטִי קוּנְדוּרַאייוֹ אֵיסִי פַֿארַאייוֹ יִירֵי אֵיסִי אַה פְֿלוּמִי דֵי אַקוּוִי אִין וִיאַה דֵירִיטַה נוּן סֵירַאנוֹ אִינְצַאנְפַאטִי אִין אֵיסַה קֵי פֿוּאִי אַה יִשְרַﭏ אַה פַאטֵירוֹ אֵי אֶפְֿרַיִם פֵֿירְצוּרוֹ מִיאוֹ אֵיסוֹ׃ 
    ʔin pəlaʔnəṭo weraʔno ʔe ʔin repəyyaʔṭaʔmenəṭi qunəduraʔyyo ʔesi p̄aʔraʔyyo yire ʔesi ʔah p̄əlumi de ʔaquwi ʔin wiʔah deriṭah nun seraʔno ʔinṣaʔnəpaʔṭi ʔin ʔesah qe p̄uʔi ʔah yišəraʔel ʔah paʔṭero ʔe ʔep̄ərayim p̄erṣuro miʔo ʔeso.
    /In planto verranno e in repjjatamenti cundurrajjo essi; farajjo jire essi a flumi de acqui, in via derita — nun seranno incianpati in essa — ché fui a Yišəraʾel a patero, e ʾEp̄ərayim ferzuro mio esso./ Lu libero de Jirmiau, The Book of Jeremiah chapter 31, verse 9, leaf 27, right page, lines 6–9: https://www.nli.org.il/En/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/viewerpage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990001090500205171-1#$FL22558172&FL=FL22558345

They shall come weeping, and with petitions will I lead them: I shall make them go to rivers of waters, in a right way—they will not stumble in it—for I was a father to Israel, and Ephraim, he [is] my firstborn.

reference English Wiktionary
comment

From Classical Latin ipsum, accusative form of ipse (“himself; the very”). 


NEW Realization 41
type Polysemy
language Kalmyk
lexeme тер
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 42
type Polysemy
language Kannada
lexeme avanu (ಅವನು)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 43
type Polysemy
language Kannada
lexeme iva (ಇವ)
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 44
type Polysemy
language Kannada
lexeme ivanu (ಇವನು)
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 45
type Polysemy
language Karakhanid Uighur
lexeme ol
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 46
type Polysemy
language Kariyarra
lexeme nguñu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 47
type Polysemy
language Kariyarra
lexeme palu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 48
type Polysemy
language Kelabit
lexeme dih
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 it
reference ACD
comment
NEW Realization 49
type Polysemy
language Khakas
lexeme ол
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 50
type Polysemy
language Korean
lexeme ce
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 51
type Polysemy
language Korean
lexeme ku
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 52
type Polysemy
language Korean
lexeme geu (그)
meaning 1 that (of what has been already said or known)

geunde banggeum geu yeoja nugueyo? (근데 방금 그 여자 누구에요?)


By the way, who is that girl?

direction
meaning 2 (literary) he, she

Geuneun amureon maldo eopsi gabeoryeotda. (그는 아무런 말도 없이 가버렸다.)


He/She left without saying anything.

reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 53
type Derivation
language Korean
lexeme 1 i (이) + saram (사람)
lexeme 2 i saram (이 사람)
meaning 1 this + person
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 54
type Derivation
language Korean
lexeme 1 geu (그) + i (이)
lexeme 2 geu'i (그이)
meaning 1 this + person
direction
meaning 2 (polite) he
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 55
type Derivation
language Korean
lexeme 1 i (이) + bun (분)
lexeme 2 ibun (이분)
meaning 1 this + (honorific) person
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 56
type Derivation
language Korean
lexeme 1 geu (그) + ae (애)
lexeme 2 gyae (걔)
meaning 1 that + kid, child
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference English Wiktionary
comment

In colloquial Korean, 걔 (along with deictic variants 얘 (yae), 쟤 (jae)) is the word that most closely resembles the English third-person pronoun. Despite the etymology, it can be used for all human referents with the restrictions given below, and is value-neutral.

the use of 걔 implies that the person being referred to by the pronoun is of equal or lower social rank compared to the speaker. When referring to a social superior, speakers use either a title, a word referring to the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, or circumlocutional phrases like 그분 (geubun, “that [honored] person”). Thus a college student may use the pronoun 걔 to refer to a classmate, but their professor must be referred to as 교수님 (gyosunim, “honorable professor”).

The use of 걔 in socially impermissible contexts, such as when referring to a superior, should be understood as the speaker showing contempt for the referent. 

NEW Realization 57
type Polysemy
language Kurrama
lexeme ngunhat
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 58
type Polysemy
language Late Latin
lexeme ille
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 59
type Polysemy
language 1 Latin
language 2 Corsican
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 ellu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he

Ellu ùn hà mai toccu a terra.


He hasn't ever touched the earth.

reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 60
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 French
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 il
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 61
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Aromanian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 62
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Leonese
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 él
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 63
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Aragones
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 él
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 64
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Catalan
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 ell
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 65
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Dalmatian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 jal
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 66
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Friulian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 lui
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment Inherited from Late Latin illui. 
NEW Realization 67
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Franco-Provençal
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 il
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, it (third-person singular masculine nominative)
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 68
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Istriot
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 69
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Italian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 egli, lui
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 70
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Ladin
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 ël
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 (Gherdëina, Badiot) he

Ël ie tlo.


He is here.

reference <personally collected data>
comment

al (Badiot)
el (Fascian)

NEW Realization 71
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Megleno-Romanian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 iel
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 72
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Neapolitan
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 ’e
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 him, her (dative)
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 73
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Galician
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 74
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Occitan
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 75
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Portuguese
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 ele
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 76
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Romanian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference DER
comment
NEW Realization 77
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Romansh
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 el
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 78
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Spanish
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 él
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular

Él es mi hermano.


He is my brother.

reference Corominas, Pascual
comment
NEW Realization 79
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Venetian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 elo
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 80
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Sicilian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2 iḍḍu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he

Iḍḍu' avi na màchina russa


He has a red car.

reference <personally collected data>
comment

iddu (eye dialect)
illu (Maletto)
eḍḍu (dialectal, Galloitalic of Sicily)

NEW Realization 81
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Latin
language 2 Emilian
lexeme 1 ille
lexeme 2
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, him (emphatic form)
reference <personally collected data>
comment
NEW Realization 82
type Polysemy
language Latvian
lexeme viņš
meaning 1 that

aiziet līdz viņam stūriem


to go up to that corner

direction
meaning 2 third-person singular

enāca lektors, viņu saņēma aplausiem


the lecturer came in, (the audience) received him with applause

reference Tezaurs.lv English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 83
type Derivation
language Lezgian
lexeme 1 a
lexeme 2 am
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 143
comment

a + absolutive

NEW Realization 84
type Polysemy
language Macedonian
lexeme тој
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he

Тој ми рече дека се најдобрите ученици во класот.


He told me that they're the best students in the class.

reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 85
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Malay
language 2 Indonesian
lexeme itu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 it
reference SEALang Indonesia English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 86
type Polysemy
language Malayalam
lexeme avan, avaḷ, ivan, ivaḷ
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Bhat 2013
comment

avan (M), avaḷ (F) ‘remote’ and ivan (M), ivaḷ (F) ‘proximal’ 

NEW Realization 87
type Polysemy
language Mandarin Chinese
lexeme
meaning 1 (Yongshou dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin) that
direction
meaning 2 (Yongshou dialect of Zhongyuan Mandarin) person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 142
comment
NEW Realization 88
type Internal cognates
language Mandarin Chinese
lexeme nà (那)
meaning 1 that; those
direction
meaning 2 (Lanzhou) he
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 89
type Polysemy
language Marathi
lexeme te (ते)
meaning 1 that

te ghar mājhe āhe. (ते घर माझे आहे.)


That house is mine.

direction
meaning 2 he, it

te mājhe vaḍīl āhet. (ते माझे वडील आहेत.)


He is my father.

reference Molesworth 1857
comment

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/berntsen_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact 
Shankar Gopal Tulpule; Anne Feldhaus (1999), A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tulpule_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact 

NEW Realization 90
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Middle Dutch
language 2 Limburgish
lexeme 1 die
lexeme 2 dae
meaning 1 that one
direction
meaning 2 he
reference English Wiktionary
comment

deë (Southeast Limburgish), déë (Eupen), daeë (Voeren), dee (Maastrichtian)

NEW Realization 91
type Polysemy
language Min Dong (Eastern Min)
lexeme ĭ (伊)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 92
type Polysemy
language Modern Greek
lexeme αυτός
meaning 1 this

αυτό θέλω.


I want this.

direction
meaning 2 he
reference DSMG
comment
NEW Realization 93
type Polysemy
language Mongolian (Khalkha)
lexeme тэр
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 94
type Polysemy
language New South Wales Pidgin
lexeme dat
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 143
comment

< English that

NEW Realization 95
type Polysemy
language Ngarla
lexeme nguñi
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 96
type Polysemy
language Ngarluma
lexeme ngunhu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 97
type Cognates
language 1 Nhanta (Nhanda)
language 2 Burduna (Bayungu, Payungu)
lexeme 1 ala
lexeme 2 pala
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 98
type Cognates
language 1 Nhanta (Nhanda)
language 2 Kuyani (Adnyamathanha, Guyani)
lexeme 1 anha
lexeme 2 vanha
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 99
type Polysemy
language Nyamal
lexeme nguña
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 100
type Cognates
language 1 Nyangumarta
language 2 Thalanyji
lexeme pala
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 101
type Polysemy
language Nyiyaparli
lexeme nguña ~ ngunha
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 102
type Polysemy
language Old Chinese
lexeme *ʔij
meaning 1 this, that
direction
meaning 2 he, him; she, her; it [from 5th c.]
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 103
type Polysemy
language Old Chinese
lexeme *pajʔ (彼)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 104
type Polysemy
language Old Chinese
lexeme *ɡɯ (其)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 105
type Polysemy
language Old Chinese
lexeme *tjɯ (之)
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 him, her, it, them, when it appears in a non-subject position in the sentence.
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 106
type Polysemy
language Old Georgian
lexeme igi (იგი)
meaning 1 that (remote from both the speaker (1st person) and hearer (2nd person))
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference Čikobava et al. 1964
comment

http://ena.ge/explanatory-online?ls=YToyOntzOjEyOiJ3b3JkX21ldGF1cmkiO3M6OToi4YOY4YOS4YOYIjtzOjExOiJ3b3JkX3N0YXRpYSI7czowOiIiO30=

NEW Realization 107
type Polysemy
language Old Tupian
lexeme a'e
meaning 1 (nonvisible) that; those
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference Navarro 2013: 10-11
comment
NEW Realization 108
type Polysemy
language Old Turkic
lexeme ul¹ /ol/
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Clauson, Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 123
Tekin, Talât (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic (Uralic and Altaic Series; 69), Bloomington: Indiana University, page 358

NEW Realization 109
type Polysemy
language Oriya
lexeme se (ସେ)
meaning 1 that (distal)
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference Praharaj 1931-1940
comment
NEW Realization 110
type Polysemy
language Pali
lexeme so
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, it
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 111
type Polysemy
language Palula (Phalura, Ashreti)
lexeme so
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, it
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “so”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives

NEW Realization 112
type Polysemy
language Pashto
lexeme hağë
meaning 1 that, those
direction
meaning 2 he, she (invisible singular third person)
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 113
type Polysemy
language Pontic Greek
lexeme αβούτος
meaning 1 this, that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Papadópoulos, Ánthimos (1958), “ἀβοῦτος”, in Ιστορικόν λεξικόν της ποντικής διαλέκτου [An historical dictionary of the Pontic dialect] (Παράρτημα περιοδικού «Αρχείον Πόντου»; 3), volume I, Athens: Myrtidis, page 81b, assumes the word is formed as Turkish ha (deictic particle) + Ancient Greek οὗτος (hoûtos)
Tursun, Vahit (2021), “αβούτος”, in Romeika – Türkçe Sözlük : Trabzon Rumcası, 2nd edition, Istanbul: Heyamola Yayınları, page 48

NEW Realization 114
type Polysemy
language Punjabi
lexeme uha (ਉਹ)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 him, her
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Inherited from Sanskrit असौ (asáu, “that”)

Singh, Bhai Maya (1895), The Panjabi Dictionary, Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B9&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact 
Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2026 http://dic.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx?look=%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B9

NEW Realization 115
type Polysemy
language Puxian Min
lexeme i1 (伊)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
ACCEPTED Realization 116
type Polysemy
language Sanskrit
lexeme sá (स)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference MW: 1111
comment
NEW Realization 117
type Semantic evolution
language 1 Sanskrit
language 2 Sindhi
lexeme 1 asau (असौ)
lexeme 2 hu (ھو)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 118
type Polysemy
language Southern Min (Min Nan)
lexeme i1 (伊)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 119
type Polysemy
language Southern Sami
lexeme dïhte
meaning 1 it, that, the, the aforementioned
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Eino Koponen, Klaas Ruppel, Kirsti Aapala, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland http://kaino.kotus.fi/algu/index.php?kkieli=en&t=lekseemi&lekseemi_id=105241

NEW Realization 120
type Polysemy
language Sranan Tongo
lexeme da
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 it
reference Heine, Kuteva et al. 2019: 143
comment
NEW Realization 121
type Polysemy
language Sylheti
lexeme he (ꠢꠦ)
meaning 1 that

he beṭa xe? (ꠢꠦ ꠛꠦꠐꠣ ꠇꠦ?)


Who is that man?

direction
meaning 2 he
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Gwynn, Roger (2016), Londoni Sylheti dictionary, Part I : Sylheti-English, Middletown, DE: Acre Press. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sylheti_query.py?qs=he&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact

NEW Realization 122
type Polysemy
language Taiwanese Hokkien
lexeme i / ī (伊)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 123
type Polysemy
language Teochew (Chaozhou)
lexeme i1 (伊)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 124
type Polysemy
language Turkish
lexeme o
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference Jusipova 2005
comment
NEW Realization 125
type Polysemy
language Turkmen
lexeme ol
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 126
type Polysemy
language Tuvan
lexeme ол
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 127
type Polysemy
language Uighur
lexeme u
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 128
type Polysemy
language Unami
lexeme nàni
meaning 1 that one (animate), that person
direction
meaning 2 he, she
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 129
type Polysemy
language Urdu
lexeme vo (وہ)
meaning 1 that, those
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it, they
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Most likely from Old Hindi उहु (uhu), उहुं (uhuṃ), from Apabhramsa ओहु (ohu), from Prakrit 𑀅𑀳𑁄 (aho), from Sanskrit असौ (asau, “that”). The inflected forms are formed by analogy with its proximal counterpart یِہ (ye).

For Old Hindi वो (vo), Chatterji suggested a derivation from Apabhramsa ओ (o), from Sanskrit *अव (*ava), attested in अवोष् (avoṣ), अवोर् (avor, “of you both”, gen. du.), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *avá. He suggested the term not being preserved in literature but continuing to be spoken. Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬬𐬀 (ava).

Development of Pronominal Systems from Apabhraṃśa to New Indo-Aryan”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 39, number 2, April 1996, pages 111-132
Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, page 23 

NEW Realization 130
type Polysemy
language Urdu
lexeme ye (یہ)
meaning 1 this, these
direction
meaning 2 this; he; she; it; they (proximal third person personal pronoun)
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Inherited from Old Hindi यहु (yahu), from Apabhramsa एहु m (ehu), एह f (eha), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀲𑁄 m (eso), 𑀏𑀲𑀸 f (esā), from Sanskrit एषः m (eṣaḥ), एषा f (eṣā)

Oberlies, Thomas (2005), A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, page 22

NEW Realization 131
type Polysemy
language Uzbek
lexeme u
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference ESTJA: 1, 444
comment
NEW Realization 132
type Derivation
language Vietnamese
lexeme 1 ấy + ông
lexeme 2 ấy
meaning 1 (chiefly Northern Vietnam) that; those + grandfather; old man; (honorific) man
direction
meaning 2 (Northern Vietnam) he (older or respected man)
reference English Wiktionary SEAlang Vietnamese
comment
NEW Realization 133
type Derivation
language Vietnamese
lexeme 1 ấy + anh
lexeme 2 anh ấy
meaning 1 (chiefly Northern Vietnam) that; those + elder brother
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference SEAlang Vietnamese English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 134
type Polysemy
language Votic
lexeme tämä
meaning 1 this
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference <personally collected data>
comment

Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), Vadja keele sõnaraamat, 2nd edition, Tallinn https://www.eki.ee/dict/vadja/index.cgi?Q=t%C3%A4m%C3%A4

NEW Realization 135
type Polysemy
language Wu Chinese
lexeme 2ji (其)
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 third-person singular
reference English Wiktionary
comment
NEW Realization 136
type Polysemy
language Yakut
lexeme ол
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 it (inanimate)
reference SakhaTyla.Ru
comment
NEW Realization 137
type Cognates
language 1 Yami
language 2 Thao
lexeme 1 u-itu
lexeme 2 c-icu
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference ACD
comment
NEW Realization 138
type Polysemy
language Yindjibarndi
lexeme ngunhaː
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he, she, it
reference EvoSem
comment
NEW Realization 139
type Polysemy
language Zazaki
lexeme o
meaning 1 that
direction
meaning 2 he
reference English Wiktionary
comment