army
→
people, nation
6 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | λαός | |
| meaning 1 | people, population | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | army | |
| reference | ||
| comment | LSJ 1029-1030 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Chechen | |
| language 2 | Avar | |
| lexeme 1 | bʕo | |
| lexeme 2 | bo | |
| meaning 1 | army | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | people; community (from several villages); army, troops | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The old lexeme meaning ‘people-army’. Reconstructed at the Proto-North-Caucasian level (Nikolayev, Starostin): *ʡwǝ̆hri ( ˜ -e) ‘troops, army’: Proto-Nakh: *bʡo, Proto-Avaro-Andi *ʔin-ħʷa, Proto-Tsez *ħɔz:ʷ, Proto-Lak *aIra-l, Proto-West-Caucasian *ŕǝ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| language 2 | Old High German | |
| lexeme 1 | пълкъ | |
| lexeme 2 | folc | |
| meaning 1 | army, troop, squad, fight, military campaign | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | people, army | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old High German | |
| language 2 | Hittite | |
| lexeme 1 | diot | |
| lexeme 2 | tuzzi- | |
| meaning 1 | people | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | army | |
| reference | ||
| comment | (Иванов, Гамкрелидзе 1984, 749) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Persian | |
| lexeme | kāra- | |
| meaning 1 | people | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | army | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Lith. kãras, kãrė ‘war’, Prus. kargis ‘army’, Old Icel. herr ‘army’, Got. harjis ‘army’, Old High Germ. heri ‘army’, Mid. Irel. cuire ‘crowd’ | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yakut | |
| lexeme | сэрии | |
| meaning 1 | people (colloq., figur.) | пограничнай сэриилэр border troops |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | army | сэрии үрдүгэр буор ыспат You cannot blanket the nation power with earth (proverb) |
| reference | ||
| comment | ЯРС 368. The source meaning is that of "army". | |