<foreigner>
→
cockroach
47 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Belarusan | |
| lexeme | прус (prus), прусак (prusak) | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | ESBM: 10, 47 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme 1 | švab | |
| lexeme 2 | bubašvaba | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Czech | |
| lexeme | šváb | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Czech | |
| lexeme | Rus | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Finnish | |
| lexeme 1 | ruotsalainen | |
| lexeme 2 | ruotsintorakka | |
| meaning 1 | Swedish, Swede | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | black cockroach (lit. Swedish cockroach ) | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 428 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme 1 | Allemand | |
| lexeme 2 | allemand | |
| meaning 1 | a German | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme 1 | Däne | |
| lexeme 2 | Dänen | |
| meaning 1 | Danish | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroaches | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | Franzose | |
| meaning 1 | French | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | Russe | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | Schwabe | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Hungarian | |
| lexeme 1 | sváb | |
| lexeme 2 | svábbogár | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | black cockroach (lit. 'Swabian beetle') | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 428 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Italian | |
| lexeme 1 | Russo | |
| lexeme 2 | russo | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994: 332 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Italian | |
| lexeme | sciavo | |
| meaning 1 | (dialect) Slavonian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Müller 1973 | |
| comment | Veneto | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kashub | |
| lexeme | frańcuz | |
| meaning 1 | French | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Latvian | |
| lexeme | prusaks | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 427 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | hiszpan | |
| meaning 1 | spaniard | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | moskal | |
| meaning 1 | Moscovite, Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | mazur | |
| meaning 1 | mazur, a resident of Mazov in Poland | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | japonec | |
| meaning 1 | Japanese man | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | góral | |
| meaning 1 | Góral (ethnic group primarily found in their traditional area of southern Poland, northern Slovakia, and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | szwab | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | Rusek | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | prusak | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | rus | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (rare) cockroach Blattella germanica | |
| reference | MDA2 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | prus | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (rare) cockroach Blatta orientalis | |
| reference | MDA2 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | șvab | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach Blatta orientalis | |
| reference | MDA2 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romansh | |
| lexeme | sclaf | |
| meaning 1 | Slavonian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Müller 1973 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | пошехон (pošehon) | |
| meaning 1 | resident of Poshexonje - the area along the Sheksna (Shekhona) river, modern Poshekhonsky District district in Yaroslavl Oblast | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | Vologda | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | прусак (prusak) | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | In modern literary Russian прусак 'cockroach, Blatella germanica' and пруссак (dated) 'Prussian'. Probably from Russian прус(с)ак were borrowed Estonian prussak, Karelian prusakka, russakka, Finnish rusakka | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme 1 | цыган (cygan) | |
| lexeme 2 | цыгане (cygane) | |
| meaning 1 | gypsy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) red cockroaches | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | Vologda. Dal'-2 4, 575 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | киргиз (kirgiz) | |
| meaning 1 | kyrgyz | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | SRNG: 13, 219 | |
| comment | Pskov | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | чудь (čud') | |
| meaning 1 | (dialect) Vepsians | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | Arkhangelsk | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | немец (nemec) | |
| meaning 1 | German | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | Arkhangelsk | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | француз (francuz) | |
| meaning 1 | French | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | Arkhangelsk | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Sardinian | |
| lexeme | cadalánu | |
| meaning 1 | Catalan | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Müller 1973 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme 1 | Рус (Rus) | |
| lexeme 2 | бубаруса (bubarusa) | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | Čaj Rusi piju više i od votke. Russians drink more tea than vodka. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | Naša služba vrši suzbijanje svih vrsta insekata (komaraca, mrava, buba rusa ...) Our service destroys all kinds of insects (mosquitoes, ants, cockroaches...) |
| reference | CLARIN.SI | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme 1 | Шваб (Švab) | |
| lexeme 2 | бубашваба (bubašvaba) | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | A Serbija se našla stisnuta između Francuza, Rusa, Švaba i Turaka. And Serbia found itself squeezed between the French, Russians, Swabians and Turks. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | većina ljudi zgražava pri samoj pomisli na bubašvabe most people cringe at the very thought of cockroaches |
| reference | ||
| comment | буба 'bug, beetle'. Смеђа бубашваба 'German cockroach (Blattella germanica)', обична бубашваба and црна бубашваба 'black cockroach (Blatta orientalis)' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Slovak | |
| lexeme | ňemec | |
| meaning 1 | a German | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) black cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Slovak | |
| lexeme | Rus | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 426 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Slovak | |
| lexeme | šváb | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | black cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 427 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Slovenian | |
| lexeme | rûs | |
| meaning 1 | Russian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Berezovič 2007: 427 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | козак (kozak) | |
| meaning 1 | cossack | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Dzendzelivs'kij 1987: 241 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | швед (šved) | |
| meaning 1 | Swede | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Dzendzelivs'kij 1987: 241 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme 1 | жид (žyd) | |
| lexeme 2 | жидочок (žydočok) | |
| meaning 1 | Jew | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Dzendzelivs'kij 1987: 241 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | прус (prus) | |
| meaning 1 | (dialect) Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Grinčenko: 3, 493 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 46 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | шваб (švab) | |
| meaning 1 | Swabian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) cockroach | |
| reference | Dzendzelivs'kij 1987: 241 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 47 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yiddish | |
| lexeme | preissn | |
| meaning 1 | Prussian | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cockroach | |
| reference | Winkler 1994 | |
| comment | ||
Berezovič 2007, 426-428, 456-459, Berezovič, Gulik 2002. Usually dialectal or/and sub-standart words. In literary language Russian прусак, Belarusan прусак, Serbian бубашваба, буба рус, Czech šváb, Slovak šváb, Latvian prusaks. Most frequent are Russian (11), Swabian (8), Prussian (7), German (3) and French (3). German names of cockroaches probably related to the events of The Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Also Swabian probably under influence of German Schabe, Küchenschabe ‘cockroach’ (compare Schwabe ‘Swabian’) During the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, which called for the killing of the Tutsi people, used the Kinyarwanda word inyenzi 'cockroach' to refer to the Tutsi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide In 2006, massive protests by Iranian Azerbaijanis sparked newspaper cartoons in which cockroaches spoke Azerbaijani http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_newspaper_cockroach_cartoon_controversy http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm Also compare Australian English cockroach ‘a person from New South Wales’ (slang, derogatory, humorous)