to work
↔
to plough
20 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | ἐργάζομαι | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to cultivate land, to plough | ἀγρούς ἐργάζομαι to cultivate fields |
| reference | LSJ: 681 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Avestan | |
| lexeme 1 | vərəz- | |
| lexeme 2 | aiwi-vərəz- | |
| meaning 1 | do, work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cultivate, till | |
| reference | Buck: 494 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chaha | |
| lexeme | čotä-m | |
| meaning 1 | to work | čəfata adägä-m čotä-m 'to work hard' |
| direction | ← | |
| meaning 2 | to plough, cultivate, farm, dig | ṭäpa čotä-m 'to plough a field for the first time'; yäčoči afär 'ploughed field' |
| reference | ||
| comment | (LGur. I 37). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme | дѣлати | |
| meaning 1 | to do, to make, to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to cultivate land | 1. и введе его въ рай сладости, дѣлати его и хранити 2. и изгна его гдь бгъ изъ рая сладости дѣлати землю, от неяже взятъ бысть 1. and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it (Genesis 2:15) 2. banished him from the Garden of Eden to work the ground from which he had been taken (Genesis 3:23) |
| reference | Sedakova 2005: 118 | |
| comment | Old Church Slavonic дѣлати ἐργάζεσθαι, πράττειν κάμνειν, laborare ‘to do, to work’, Bulgarian дялам ‘to trim (timber)’, макед. дела ‘to trim (timber), to plane (wood)’, Serbian делати ‘to do’, Slovene délati ‘to work, to do, to occupy with, to make, manufacture’, dial. délati ‘to comb (wool)’, Czeck dělati ‘to do, to work’, Old Slovak dělati zemi ‘to cultivate land’, Upper Sorbian dźěłać ‘to do, to work’, ‘to build’, Polabian d’olă / d’oloje ‘he works’, Lower Sorbian źěłaś ‘to work’ ‘to weave’, Polish działać ‘to do, to make, to create’, Old East Slavonic дѣлати ‘to do’, ‘to make, to build’, ‘to cultivate land’, Russian делать ‘to do’, ‘to make’, укр. дiлати ‘to do’ ESSJa 4, 231-232 Cf. also the Rus. возделывать (нпр., пшеницу) 'to cultivate (e.g. wheat)', Czech vzdělavati. |
|
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme | raditi | |
| meaning 1 | to work | raditi u školi to work at school |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | raditi zemlju to plough the land |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | arbeiten | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to cultivate land | |
| reference | Moskal'skaja (ed.) 2001 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Irish Gaelic | |
| lexeme | oibrighim | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | |
| reference | Buck: 494 | |
| comment | In Ó Dónaill 1977 'to plough' attested in free collocation such as oibriú le céachta to work with a plough | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Irish Gaelic | |
| lexeme | saothraigh | |
| meaning 1 | labor, toil | Ag saothrú de lá is d’oíche toiling by day and by night |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cultivate | An talamh a shaothrú; Glasraí a shaothrú to till the land; to cultivate vegetables |
| reference | Ó Dónaill 1977 | |
| comment | from saothar 'work, labour; toil, exertion; stress, effort' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Karaim | |
| lexeme | ислэ- | |
| meaning 1 | to work, to do | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to work, to cultivate | ки ислэгейлэр йэрни form them to clutivate the land |
| reference | KRPS: 207 | |
| comment | An example of an intermediate case. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Latvian | |
| lexeme 1 | strādēt | |
| lexeme 2 | apstrādāt | |
| meaning 1 | work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cultivate, till | |
| reference | Buck: 494 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Lithuanian | |
| lexeme 1 | dirbti | |
| lexeme 2 | apdirbti | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | |
| reference | LRŽ: 32, 151 | |
| comment | Buck 494 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Modern Greek | |
| lexeme 1 | έργον | |
| lexeme 2 | καλλιεργώ | |
| meaning 1 | work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cultivate, till | |
| reference | Xorikov, Malev 1993: 408 | |
| comment | Late Greek 'to decorate', in the passive it is 'to be well cultivated, ploughed'. Also Modern Greek καλλιέργεια 'horti)culture, cultivation' → culture (microbiology); καλλιεργητής 'farmworker, peasant' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old English | |
| lexeme | tilian | |
| meaning 1 | labor, strive, attend to | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | till, cultivate | |
| reference | Buck: 494 | |
| comment | The second meaning emerges later. The Old English tilian related to till 'fixed point, goal' and til 'good, useful, suitable' from Proto-Germanic *tilojan (source also of Old Frisian tilia 'to get, cultivate', Old Saxon tilian 'to obtain', Middle Dutch, Dutch telen 'to breed, raise, cultivate, cause', Old High German zilon 'to strive', German zielen 'to aim, strive') Buck 494 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Old French | |
| language 2 | French | |
| lexeme | labourer | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | |
| reference | Robert historique: 1955 | |
| comment | From Latin laboro, laborare 'to work' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Norse | |
| lexeme | yrkya | |
| meaning 1 | work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | cultivate | |
| reference | Cleasby, Vigfusson: 726 | |
| comment | Buck 494. Modern Icelandic yrkja 'to cultivate'. From Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną 'to work' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Norse | |
| lexeme | vinna | |
| meaning 1 | work, ;labour | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | till, cultivate | |
| reference | Cleasby, Vigfusson: 708-709 | |
| comment | The second meaning is less frequent Buck 494 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | munci | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to cultivate the land | |
| reference | NODEX | |
| comment | DLRLC Cf. also the shift to work ↔ to suffer. The Rum. munci has been borrowed from the Slavic мучати 'to torment' DER 528. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | пахать (pahat') | |
| meaning 1 | to plough | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to work (vern.) | вчера на работе пахали до вечера yesterday at work we ground away till late |
| reference | BTS | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme | радити (raditi) | |
| meaning 1 | to work | Otac mu je radio u Karavukovu kao inženjer . His father worked in Karavukovo as an engineer. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | Roditelji su pomagali deci da nauce kako da rade zemlju i cuvaju stoku. Parents helped children to learn how to cultivate land and to take care about cattle. |
| reference | CLARIN.SI | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | işle- | |
| meaning 1 | to work | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | to plough | toprağı işle- to cultivate soil |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 480 | |
| comment | ||