firm, durable
→
quick
5 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old East Slavic | |
| language 2 | Bulgarian | |
| lexeme 1 | чьрствыи | |
| lexeme 2 | червъст (čevrăst) | |
| meaning 1 | hard | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | one who is quick, nimble in work or in movements | |
| reference | RNBE Sreznevskij: 3, 1567-1568 | |
| comment | |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language 1 | Old English | |
| language 2 | English | |
| lexeme 1 | fæst | |
| lexeme 2 | fast | |
| meaning 1 | firm, stable | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | quick, fast | |
| reference | Dictionary of synonims. Buck: 986 Bosworth, Toller: 267 | |
| comment | The development of “rapid” apparently happened first in the adverb and then transferred to the adjective; compare hard in expressions like “to run hard”. The original sense of “secure, firm” is now slightly archaic, but retained in the related fasten (“make secure”). |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | жёсткий (žëstkij) | |
| meaning 1 | hard, harsh | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) quick, nimble | |
| reference | SRNG: 9, 146 | |
| comment | The second meaning is dialectal (Western, Kursk ) | |
| SUSPENDED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Czech | |
| lexeme 1 | крепкий (krepkij) | |
| lexeme 2 | křepký | |
| meaning 1 | strong, solid | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | brisk, nimble | |
| reference | SSJČ | |
| comment | Cf. Also ЭССЯ 12: 135-138 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Slovenian | |
| language 2 | Czech | |
| lexeme 1 | dréčen | |
| lexeme 2 | dričné | |
| meaning 1 | corpulent, stout | |
| meaning 2 | quick, nimble | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The Czech word is dialectal | |