to bark
—
to cough
4 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme | bellen | |
| Meaning 1 | to bark, to yelp (dog) | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to cough painfully and loudly | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | bark | |
| Meaning 1 | to bark | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to cough (colloq.) | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | In Lingva and Multitran dictionaries the meaning 'cough' is marked as colloquial. In Shorter OED this meaning is absent. | |
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Bikol | |
| Language 2 | Klata (Giangan) | |
| Lexeme 1 | batók | |
| Lexeme 2 | batuk | |
| Meaning 1 | to bark | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | cough | |
| Reference | ACD | |
| Comment | Maranao batok 'cough', Manobo (Ilianen) batuk 'cough', Iban batok 'cough', Jarai pətuk 'cough', Rhade mtuk 'cough', Malay batok 'cough; generic for diseases of which coughing is a distinct feature', Karo Batak batuk 'cough', m-batuk 'to cough', Toba Batak batuk 'cough', batuh-on 'suffer from a cough', Old Javanese watuk 'cough', a-watuk 'to cough', Javanese watuk 'a cough; to cough', watuk-an 'subject to frequent coughs', matuk 'make someone cough', Rembong batok 'cough', Erai hatu 'cough'. | |
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Ukrainian | |
| Language 2 | Serbian | |
| Lexeme 1 | brechati | |
| Lexeme 2 | бректати (brektati) | |
| Meaning 1 | to bark | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to pant | |
| Reference | Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 110 | |
| Comment | ЭССЯ 3, 13-14. According to Trubachev, "the Protoslavic serb is of onomatopoetic origin". Therefore, there might not be any immediate relationship between these two meanings. |
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