to practice witchcraft
→
to charm, to delight
22 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme | θέλγω | |
| Meaning 1 | to enchant, be witch; to produce by spells | θαῦμα μ᾽ ἔχει, ὡς οὔτι, πιὼν τάδε φάρμακ᾽, ἐθέλχθης I am amazed that the spell did not work on you after havink drunk this potion |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | metaph., to charm, beguile | |
| Reference | LSJ | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | hmayel (հմայել) | |
| Meaning 1 | to put a spell, to bewitch | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | |
| Reference | Galstjan 1984: 419 | |
| Comment | hmaykʿ (հմայք) 'wizard, magician', 'charm, fascination' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Armenian | |
| Lexeme | kaxardel (կախարդել) | |
| Meaning 1 | to conjure | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to delight | |
| Reference | Galstjan 1984: 330-331 | |
| Comment | From kaxard (կախարդ ) 'sorcerer, wizard, witch, magician'. Compare Avestan kaxᵛarəδa 'wizard' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Buriat | |
| Lexeme | ab | |
| Meaning 1 | spell, charms | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | charm; fascination; enchantment | |
| Reference | Šagdarov, Čeremisov 2010: 22 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Buriat | |
| Lexeme | al'ban | |
| Meaning 1 | spells, charms | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | charms, fascination, delight | |
| Reference | Šagdarov, Čeremisov 2010: 57 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Danish | |
| Lexeme | fortrylle | |
| Meaning 1 | to practise witchcraft | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to delight | |
| Reference | DDO | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | glamour | |
| Meaning 1 | enchantment; magic | the glamour of Monte Carlo, pile hair up for evening glamour |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | an attractive or exciting quality that makes certain people or things seem appealing | that maiden, made by glamour out of flowers |
| Reference | OED | |
| Comment | from Scottish glamer 'magic, enchantment', a variant of Scottish gramarye 'magic, enchantment, spell. Alteration of English grammar in a specialized use of that word's medieval sense of "any sort of scholarship, especially occult learning," the latter sense attested from c. 1500 in English. Scottish gramarye from French gramaire, from Latin grammatica and Ancient Greek γραμματικός. Scottish word was popularized in English by the writings of Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). Sense of "magical beauty, alluring charm" first recorded 1840. As that quality of attractiveness especially associated with Hollywood, high-fashion, celebrity, etc., by 1939 [Harper's Etymonline], Scottish glamer, from earlier gramarye ; the Latin word grammatica (from which it derives) was often used in the Middle Ages to mean ‘scholarship, learning’, including the occult practices popularly associated with learning [OED]. alternative etymology connects Scottish word with Old Norse glámr poet. 'moon', name of a ghost, glámsýni 'glamour, illusion', literally “glam-sight”) [Zoëga 1910] probably from the same root as English gleam. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme | enchant | |
| Meaning 1 | to put (someone or something) under a spell | The princess had been enchanted by a magician to sleep for a hundred years The princess had been enchanted by a magician to sleep for a hundred years |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to fill (someone) with great delight; charmfill (someone) with great delight; charm | The teacher was enchanted by the little girl sweet voice. The teacher was enchanted by the little girl sweet voice. |
| Reference | OED | |
| Comment | Borrowed from French in both meanings. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme 1 | to charm | |
| Lexeme 2 | charming | |
| Meaning 1 | to practice witchcraft | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | deligthful, charming | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | charmer | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | charmer les serpents to charm snakes |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to delight | charmer l'esprit de quelqu'un to charm someone's mind |
| Reference | CNRTL | |
| Comment | Old French charme 'chant, magic spell' from Latin carmen 'song' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme | bezaubern | |
| Meaning 1 | to put a spell, to bewitch | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | |
| Reference | Moskal'skaja (ed.) 2001 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | töfra | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | Álfkonan töfraði hann til sín í klettinn The witch used a spell to make him enter her mountain |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | Náttúrufegurðin töfrar flesta sem koma í eyjarnar Most people who come to the islands are charmed by the beautiful nature |
| Reference | Berkov et al. 1962 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | French | |
| Lexeme 1 | fascino, -are | |
| Lexeme 2 | fasciner | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | |
| Reference | CNRTL | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) | |
| Language 2 | Osetin | |
| Lexeme 1 | warz | |
| Lexeme 2 | warzyn | |
| Meaning 1 | spell | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to love | |
| Reference | Abaev: 4, 53-54 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Modern Greek | |
| Lexeme | γητεύω | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm | |
| Reference | Xorikov, Malev 1993: 213, 224 | |
| Comment | Also γοητεύω in both meanings | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | fortrylle | |
| Meaning 1 | to practise witchcraft | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to fascinate | hun fortryllet alle i salen she charmed everyone in the hall |
| Reference | BO | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | farmec | |
| Meaning 1 | witchery | a face farmece to put a spell on smn. |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | charm | a avea farmec to be nice, charming |
| Reference | DRRS | |
| Comment | DRRS 1, 823-824. From the Greek. φάρμακον DER 321. Also the verb a fermeca DRRS 1, 839 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme 1 | чары (čary) | |
| Lexeme 2 | очаровать (očarovat') | |
| Meaning 1 | spell | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm | |
| Reference | Fasmer 1986: 4,317 | |
| Comment | cf. also околдовать, заворожить 'to charm, to put a spell on' meaning 'to attract' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | fascinar | |
| Meaning 1 | to put a jinx on | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995: 365 | |
| Comment | From Latin fastino, fastinare 'enchant, bewitch, charm, fascinate' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | encantar | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to delight, to charm | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995: 320 | |
| Comment | from Latin incantāre | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | hechizar | |
| Meaning 1 | to bewitch | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | to charm, to captivate | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995: 407 | |
| Comment | From hacer 'to make' (Latin facere) > hechizo (Latin factīcius) 'artificial', 'feigned, false', from this substantive 'artifact that is used in witchcraft'(the same evolution in Portuguese feitiço → French fétiche, English fetish) [Corominas, Pascual 1984, 3, 298-299]. Also Spanish hechicería, hechizo 'magic' and 'charm', hechicero, hechizador 'magician' and 'seduser'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | brujo | |
| Meaning 1 | wizard, magician | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | charming, fascinating | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | bruja 'witch, sorceress'. Possibly from Celtiberian *bruxtia (compare Catalan bruixa, Portuguese bruxa, Occitan bruèissa), from Proto-Celtic *brixtā 'spell, magic' (Old Irish bricht 'charm', Old Breton brith 'magic') | |