witness
→
martyr
4 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | μάρτυς | |
| meaning 1 | witness | |
| meaning 2 | martyr | |
| reference | ||
| comment | martyr = "the one who testified with his/her own blood". | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Classical Arabic | |
| lexeme | šahīd- | |
| meaning 1 | witness | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | martyr | |
| reference | BK: I 1280 | |
| comment | Cf. also šahādat- 'testimony; martyrdom'. A greek calque. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme | شهادت šahādat | |
| meaning 1 | evidence, testimony | شهادت دروغي šahādat-e doruɣi false testimony |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | martyr's death | به شهادت رسیدن be šahādat residan to die a martyr's death |
| reference | Rubinčik 1970: 120 | |
| comment | ПРС 521-522. Arabic borrowing, see below. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Geez | |
| lexeme | samāʕt | |
| meaning 1 | witness | nāhu samāʕtəya wəsta samāy (Job 16:19) Behold, my witness is in Heaven! |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | martyr | ba-zāti ʕəlat samāʕta kona was a martyr on that day… |
| reference | CDG: 501 LLA: 339 | |
| comment | A Greek calque - directly or via Arabic. | |