breathing
—
soul
14 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Nganasan | |
| Lexeme 1 | бачебса, бачюо | |
| Lexeme 2 | бачюʔ | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | NMS: 78-80 Kosterkina, Momde, Ždanova 2001: 22 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme 1 | spirare | |
| Lexeme 2 | spiritus | |
| Meaning 1 | to blow, to breathe | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | spirit | |
| Reference | François 2008: 195 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | andi | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | halda niðri í sér andanum to hold one's breath |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | Andar framliðinna voru á sveimi The souls of the dead were floating around |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Comment | Берков | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Classical Arabic | |
| Lexeme 1 | نَفَس nafas- | |
| Lexeme 2 | نَفْس nafs- | |
| Meaning 1 | puff, breath | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | BK: II 1310 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | anima | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | anima continere to hold one's breath |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Glare 132 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Syriac | |
| Lexeme 1 | nəšam | |
| Lexeme 2 | nəšamtā | |
| Meaning 1 | spiravit | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | spiritus, anima | |
| Reference | LSyr.: 451 Payne Smith: 2476-2477 | |
| Comment | In SED I No. 51, the Proto-Semitic verb *nšm 'to breath' is reconstructed, and also the Proto-Semitic noun *nVšam(-at)- 'breath, respiration', with later development into 'spirit, soul'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | ātman | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | the individual soul, spiritual force of the person | |
| Reference | François 2008: 194 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme 1 | ψυχή (psykhē) | |
| Lexeme 2 | psūkhē | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | François 2008: 194 Dvoreckij 1958 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Aleut | |
| Lexeme | anr(i) | |
| Meaning 1 | breath | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | spirit, soul | |
| Reference | François 2008: 197 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Beja | |
| Lexeme | šūk | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing, breath | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | François 2008: 199 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Latin | |
| Language 2 | French | |
| Lexeme 1 | anima | |
| Lexeme 2 | âme | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | Sakhno 2009: 95 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Selkup | |
| Lexeme | гвэй ~ ӷвэй | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | Consolidated Selkup | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Batsbi | |
| Lexeme 1 | sa daxar | |
| Lexeme 2 | sa | |
| Meaning 1 | to breathe | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | Bertlani (ed.) 2013: 248-249 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Estonian | |
| Lexeme | hing | |
| Meaning 1 | breathing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | soul | |
| Reference | EKSS | |
| Comment | ||