breathing
→
animal
6 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme 1 | anima | |
| lexeme 2 | animal, -ālis | |
| meaning 1 | breath | animam continere "сдерживать дыхание" |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | animal | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Glare 132, 133 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Old Church Slavonic | |
| language 2 | Gothic | |
| lexeme 1 | дыхати | |
| lexeme 2 | dius | |
| meaning 1 | to breath | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | animal | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Also Old icel. dӯr, Old Engl. dēor, Old High Germ. tior. The word meaning in English later became more narrow - it started meaning just 'deer'. Lehmann 92-93 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Old Church Slavonic | |
| lexeme | дыханиѥ | |
| meaning 1 | breathing | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | living being, live creature | отъ в’сего дыханиѣ страхомь славитъ сѧ прѣс<вѧ>тое имѧ твое all living beings praise your holy name with fear |
| reference | Cejtlin et al. 1994: 202 | |
| comment | Slavic word was borrowed to Romanian dihanie 'wild animal; beast; strange, monstrous being, monster; living being, creature' DEX98, DER | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | suflare | |
| meaning 1 | breathing | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | living being, live creature; people | |
| reference | DEX98 | |
| comment | From a sufla 'to breath' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Sanskrit | |
| lexeme 1 | prāṇa- | |
| lexeme 2 | prāṇin- | |
| meaning 1 | breath of life , breath , respiration , spirit , vitality | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | living or sentient being , living creature , animal or man | |
| reference | MW | |
| comment | MW 705-706 | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Tundra Yukaghir | |
| lexeme 1 | аҕараану- | |
| lexeme 2 | аҕарэндьэрукун | |
| meaning 1 | to breath | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | live being, animal | |
| reference | Kurilov 2001: 26-27 | |
| comment | ||
This semantic shift is closely related to the shifts ‘breathe’ → ‘soul’, ‘breathe’ → ‘person’, ‘breathe’ → ‘life’, ‘wind’ → ‘soul’, ‘to live’ → ‘animal’, ‘soul’ → ‘animal’. Buck 138, Russo 2011