free of charge
→
vain, in vain
20 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| SUSPENDED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | μέλεος | |
| meaning 1 | gratuitious, undeserved | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | vain | |
| reference | ||
| comment | LSJ 1096 проверить | |
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Belarusan | |
| lexeme | дарэмны | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | Slounik.org | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme | džaba | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | dajem džaba I give it for free |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | džaba se trudiš, džaba pričaš you are trying in vain, you are talking in vain |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme | budava | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | dobit ćeš ostatak iz košare praktički badava You will have the rest of the products in basket practically for free. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | badava ga čekaš You are waiting for him in vain |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language | Evenki | |
| lexeme | bosko | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The meanings are distributed between dialects | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gagauz | |
| lexeme | dicäba | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ГРМС 141. The polysemic lexeme has been borrowed from Rumanian. Cf. also the form җaба with the same meanings (ГРМС 183). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | umsonst | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | Duden: 777 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hausa | |
| lexeme | a banza | |
| meaning 1 | for nothing, for free | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Хауса 12 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Komi | |
| lexeme | прöста | |
| meaning 1 | for free | прöста босьтны to take for free |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | прöста мырсьыны to make efforts in vain |
| reference | ||
| comment | КомиРС 531 | |
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lezgian | |
| lexeme | гьавайда | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | vain, in vain | |
| reference | LezgRus: 96 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Nanai | |
| lexeme | бай | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | Onenko 1989: 56 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | degeaba | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | DEX98 | |
| comment | DEX98, NODEX | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | darom | |
| meaning 1 | for nothing, for free | a. Даром не брать ничего, а платить. 'Don't take anything for free, you should pay.' b. Лошадку даром взял, за 30 рублей. ' I got the horse practically for nothing, for 30 roubles.' |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | a. Все труды пропали даром. 'All work was vain.' b. Даром слова не молви, на ветер. 'Do not say a word in vain, to the four winds.' c. Даром (попусту) молва не ходит. 'The rumours do not spread for nothing.' |
| reference | ||
| comment | Cf. examples with negation from Dal': Недаром ("не зря") говорится, что дело не годится 'Not for nothing it is said, that this thing is not good'. | |
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Rutul | |
| lexeme | гьавайи | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | vain, in vain | |
| reference | Alisultanov, Sulejmanova 2019: 96 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme | џаба (džaba) | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge | добити нешто џаба to get something for free |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | џаба се трудити to try in vain |
| reference | Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 1525 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Swahili | |
| lexeme | bwerere | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | something useless | |
| reference | ||
| comment | Polikanov | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tabassaran | |
| lexeme | hawajidi | |
| meaning 1 | for free, very cheaply | гьавайиди алабхъунзуз I got it very for a very low price |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | уву гьавайиди гъягъюб гъабхьну You should not have gone there. |
| reference | ||
| comment | The same in Lezgian (гьавайда), cf. (LezgRus 96). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tigrinya | |
| lexeme | bəbəlaš | |
| meaning 1 | 'in vain, for nothing, gratis' | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | 'uselessly, in vain' | |
| reference | ||
| comment | KT 1091 | |
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Turkish | |
| lexeme | hasbî | |
| meaning 1 | free of charge, gratuitious | hasbî bir çalışma working without payment |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | hasbî azar işitti he was criticized without a reason |
| reference | Baskakov 1977: 388 | |
| comment | ||
| SUSPENDED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | durno | |
| meaning 1 | for free, for nothing (colloq.) | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | in vain | |
| reference | ||
| comment | ||