free of charge
—
vain, in vain
18 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme | μέλεος | |
| Meaning 1 | gratuitious, undeserved | |
| Meaning 2 | vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | LSJ 1096 проверить | |
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Belarusan | |
| Lexeme | дарэмны | |
| Meaning 1 | free of charge | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | Slounik.org | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Croatian | |
| Lexeme | džaba | |
| Meaning 1 | free of charge | dajem džaba I give it for free |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | džaba se trudiš, džaba pričaš you are trying in vain, you are talking in vain |
| Reference | HJP | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Croatian | |
| Lexeme | budava | |
| Meaning 1 | free of charge | dobit ćeš ostatak iz košare praktički badava You will have the rest of the products in basket practically for free. |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | badava ga čekaš You are waiting for him in vain |
| Reference | HJP | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language | Evenki | |
| Lexeme | bosko | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The meanings are distributed between dialects | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Gagauz | |
| Lexeme | dicäba | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ГРМС 141. The polysemic lexeme has been borrowed from Rumanian. Cf. also the form җaба with the same meanings (ГРМС 183). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme | umsonst | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | Duden: 777 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hausa | |
| Lexeme | a banza | |
| Meaning 1 | for nothing, for free | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Хауса 12 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Komi | |
| Lexeme | прöста | |
| Meaning 1 | for free | прöста босьтны to take for free |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | прöста мырсьыны to make efforts in vain |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | КомиРС 531 | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Nanaj | |
| Lexeme | бай | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Оненко 56. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | degeaba | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | DEX98 | |
| Comment | DEX98, NODEX | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | darom | |
| Meaning 1 | for nothing, for free | a. Даром не брать ничего, а платить. 'Don't take anything for free, you should pay.' b. Лошадку даром взял, за 30 рублей. ' I got the horse practically for nothing, for 30 roubles.' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | a. Все труды пропали даром. 'All work was vain.' b. Даром слова не молви, на ветер. 'Do not say a word in vain, to the four winds.' c. Даром (попусту) молва не ходит. 'The rumours do not spread for nothing.' |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Cf. examples with negation from Dal': Недаром ("не зря") говорится, что дело не годится 'Not for nothing it is said, that this thing is not good'. | |
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Serbian | |
| Lexeme | џаба (džaba) | |
| Meaning 1 | free of charge | добити нешто џаба to get something for free |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | џаба се трудити to try in vain |
| Reference | Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 1525 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Swahili | |
| Lexeme | bwerere | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | something useless | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | Polikanov | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tabassaran | |
| Lexeme | hawajidi | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, very cheaply | гьавайиди алабхъунзуз I got it very for a very low price |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | уву гьавайиди гъягъюб гъабхьну You should not have gone there. |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | The same in Lezgian (гьавайда), cf. (LezgRus 96). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tigrinya | |
| Lexeme | bəbəlaš | |
| Meaning 1 | 'in vain, for nothing, gratis' | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | 'uselessly, in vain' | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | KT 1091 | |
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | hasbî | |
| Meaning 1 | free of charge, gratuitious | hasbî bir çalışma working without payment |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | hasbî azar işitti he was criticized without a reason |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 388 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ukrainian | |
| Lexeme | durno | |
| Meaning 1 | for free, for nothing (colloq.) | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | in vain | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||