Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Aghul | |
| Lexeme | ijesi | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Iron Ossetian | |
| Lexeme 1 | хицау (xīcaw) | |
| Lexeme 2 | cæрыхицау (særyxīcaw) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Abaev: 3, 91 | |
| Comment | Lit. 'the head's owner'. Secondary synonym of лӕг and мойнӕ 'husband'. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Geez | |
| Language 2 | Amharic | |
| Lexeme 1 | baʕala bet | |
| Lexeme 2 | baläbet | |
| Meaning 1 | head of household (LGz. 83, 116) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband (K 865) | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Semantic evolution | |
| Language 1 | Old English | |
| Language 2 | English | |
| Lexeme 1 | husbonda | |
| Lexeme 2 | husband | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | (Bosworth, Toller 568) Also: [7] Mihajlova T.A. O logike semanticheskoj derivacii v vozniknovenii i ehvolyucii terminov svojstva: dr.irl. aithech tige vs. dr.angl. husband // Vestnik MGU. Seriya 9. Filologiya, № 4, 2013, ss. 126-137. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Ancient Hebrew | |
| Lexeme | baʕal | |
| Meaning 1 | possessor | baʕălē gōyim; Js 16:8: 'the rules of nations': Ex. 22:7: 'master of household' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | ʔēšet-ḥayil ʕăṭeret baʕəlāh Pr 12:4: 'a hard working wife is a crown for her husband' |
| Reference | ||
| Comment | HALAT 136. The Semitic cognates have both meanings. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Malto (Sauria Paharia, references do not distinguish from Kumarbhag Paharia) | |
| Lexeme | ḍāwe | |
| Meaning 1 | husband | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | master of the house | |
| Reference | Mahapatra 1987: 65 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | nalla | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary: 565 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | pati | |
| Meaning 1 | (in compounds) lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | (formal, literary) a husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary: 617 | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit pati. |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tamil | |
| Lexeme | āttu-k-kārar | |
| Meaning 1 | owner of the house | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Tamil lexicon: 225 | |
| Comment | from āḷ ‘to rule, reign over, govern’ (TL 254, in Participle form) + suffix ("doer") = "the one who rules over smth" | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tamil | |
| Lexeme | kiẓavaṉ | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Tamil lexicon: 936 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | domn | |
| Meaning 1 | mister, also term of address to a man | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (popular) husband | |
| Reference | Seche 2002 DRRS: 1, 733 | |
| Comment | From Late Latin domnus from Latin dominus | |
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme | gospodar | |
| Meaning 1 | ‘master, owner’, ‘peasant, owner of a peasant household’, ‘master, head of family’ | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (popular, colloquial, dated) husband | |
| Reference | DRRS: 1, 933 DEX98 MDA2 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Amharic | |
| Lexeme | bal | |
| Meaning 1 | master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | AED | |
| Comment | From Proto-Semitic *baʕl-: Akkadian bēlum 'lord; proprietor, owner, Bel (god)', also epithet of other deities, particularly Marduk, Arabic baʿl 'husband', 'Baal (god)', Punic bʿl 'lord, master; Baal; burgher, citizen', Ugaritic bʿl /baʿlu/ 'lord, owner', 'Baal', Old South Arabian bʿl 'lord, master', Tigrinya bäʿal 'master', Mehr: bāl 'owner', abɛ́li 'God', Shehri báʕal 'owner', bʕéhl 'owner', ʔɔʕź 'God', ʔɔ̄ʕź 'God', ʔɔ́ʕɔź 'God', Soqotri: baʕ- 'owner' (with pronominal suffixes only), di-báḥlʼe 'the owner of” (before nouns only), báʕlʼhi 'my Lord' (Kogan 2015). See below polysemy in Aramaic, Classical Syriac, Modern Hebrew, Phoenician. |
|
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Jewish Aramaic | |
| Lexeme | baʿlā | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | CAL | |
| Comment | Common Aramaic |
|
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Syriac | |
| Lexeme | baʿlā | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, lord | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Payne Smith: 556 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Modern Hebrew | |
| Lexeme | bá'al (בַּעַל) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | English Wiktionary | |
| Comment | When בעל has the sense of husband, it is always inflected to indicate a possessor. In the case that its possessor is not a personal pronoun, this produces some redundancy; for example, "Miriam's husband" is translated as בעלה של מרים (ba`aláh shel Miryam), which literally means "her-husband of Miriam". (This sort of construction can occur with other nouns as well, but usually only in more formal contexts.) When בעל has the sense of owner, it is seldom so inflected. |
|
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Phoenician | |
| Lexeme | bʿl | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, lord | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Krahmalkov 2000: 110-111 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Japanese | |
| Lexeme | shujin (主人) | |
| Meaning 1 | someone's master; owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (humble) (one's own) husband | |
| Reference | BJaRS | |
| Comment | From Middle Chinese 主人 'master, owner' |
|
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Polci | |
| Lexeme | baa keen | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | IDS | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bezhta | |
| Lexeme | бетІергьан | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master, lord | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Khalilov 1995: 44 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Karata | |
| Lexeme | минаркIва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Magomedova, Khalidova 2001: 222 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tindi | |
| Lexeme | онгьекlва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Magomedova 2003: 276 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Akhvakh | |
| Lexeme | минарēкlва | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | машиналlи минарēкlва car owner |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | йашолlи минарēкlва daughter's husband |
| Reference | Magomedova, Abdulaeva 2007: 295 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Avar | |
| Lexeme | бетІергьанчи | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | гьаб гІакдал бетІергьанчи щив? who is the owner of this cow? |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | долъул бетІергьанчи гьабихъе ана her husband went to the mill |
| Reference | Gimbatov 2006: 145 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Digor Ossetian | |
| Lexeme 1 | хецау (xecaw) | |
| Lexeme 2 | cæрихецау (særyxīcaw) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Abaev: 3, 91 | |
| Comment | Lit. 'the head's owner'. Secondary synonym of лӕг and мой 'husband'. |
|
| NEW Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | svāmín (स्वामिन्) | |
| Meaning 1 | an owner, proprietor, master, lord or owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband, lover | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | Borrowed to Oriya swami 'husband' |
|
| NEW Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bengali | |
| Lexeme | śami (স্বামী) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Sanskrit | |
| Lexeme | páti (पति) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, owner, possessor, lord, ruler, sovereign | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | MW | |
| Comment | Borrowed to Gujarati pati 'husband', Hindi, Urdu pati 'husband', Marathi patī 'husband', Punjabi patī 'husband', Malay, Indonesian suami 'husband', Khmer pdəy 'husband'. Assamese poi 'husband' is inherited from Prakrit paï. |
|
| NEW Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Hindi | |
| Lexeme | svāmī (स्वामी) | |
| Meaning 1 | master, lord, owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Learned borrowing from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | nātha | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, protector, patron, master, ruler, lord | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Internal cognates | |
| Language | Ancient Greek | |
| Lexeme 1 | δεσ-πότης | |
| Lexeme 2 | πόσις | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master; ruler, despot, owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Derksen 2015: 346 | |
| Comment | Ancient Greek δεσπότης from an original phrase from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis 'master of the house', from *dṓm 'house', whence also Ancient Greek δόμος 'house'; and *pótis 'master'; with an ending influenced by -της (masculine adjectival suffix). Cognate with Sanskrit dám-pati (दम्पति) 'lord of the house'. Descendants of Proto-Indo-European *pótis also are Albanian pata 'I had (aorist)', 'I was in possession of something', Lithuanian pàts 'husband', 'self (singular masculine)', Proto-Slavic *potь (in *gospodь and *potьběga 'divorced wife'), Gothic *faþs (attested only in compounds brūþfaþs 'bridegroom', hundafaþs 'centurion', swnagōgafaþs 'leader of a synagogue', þūsundifaþs 'tribune, leader of thousand'), Sanskrit páti 'lord, master, owner, husband', Avestan paiti 'husband, lord, master', Classical Armenian pet (պետ) 'chief, commander' (from Parthian *pet), Middle Persian -pt' (/-bed/) 'lord, master', Persian -bod 'lord, master', Latin possum 'I can, I am able'. |
|
| NEW Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Avestan | |
| Lexeme | paiti | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Pali | |
| Lexeme | pati | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master, owner, leader | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | PTS: 405 | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit |
|
| NEW Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Telugu | |
| Lexeme | bharta (భర్త) | |
| Meaning 1 | lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit bhartā 'husband' |
|
| NEW Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Khmer | |
| Lexeme | saaməy (សាមី) | |
| Meaning 1 | boss, owner | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Khmer | |
| Comment | Borrowed from Pali sāmin, from Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Pali | |
| Lexeme | sāmin | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, ruler, lord, master | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | PTS: 705 | |
| Comment | From Sanskrit svāmín |
|
| NEW Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Thai | |
| Lexeme | sǎa-mii (สามี) | |
| Meaning 1 | (elegant) chief, lord, master; high priest, senior priest; owner, possessor | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (formal) husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Thai | |
| Comment | From Pali sāmin |
|
| NEW Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Mbunga | |
| Lexeme | bambu | |
| Meaning 1 | master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| Comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Somali | |
| Lexeme | abbaanwarre | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Alejnikov 2012: 13 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme | bóndi | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | Hún unni bónda sínum. She loves her husband. |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| NEW Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bonde | |
| Meaning 1 | (land)owner, farmer | den gjeveste bonde fra Vinje gjeld var Dyre fra Vaa (J.S. Welhaven Samlede Digterverker III 61) the most generous farmer from Vinje was Dyre from Vaa |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | bonden selv var ikke hjemme The husband himself was not home. |
| Reference | NAOB | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| NEW Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Norwegian | |
| Lexeme | bonde | |
| Meaning 1 | (land)owner, farmer | den gjeveste bonde fra Vinje gjeld var Dyre fra Vaa (J.S. Welhaven Samlede Digterverker III 61) the most generous farmer from Vinje was Dyre from Vaa |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | bonden selv var ikke hjemme The husband himself was not home. |
| Reference | NAOB | |
| Comment | The second meaning is obsolete. |
|
| NEW Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | стопанин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Bernštejn 1966: 635 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 44 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Yir Yoront | |
| Lexeme 1 | +konhrr | |
| Lexeme 2 | kort-konhrr | |
| Meaning 1 | owner of | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | kort 'vagina, vulva' Barry Alpher Yir-Yoront Lexicon. Sketch and Dictionary of an Australian Language. 1991. 191 |
|
| NEW Realization 45 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Punjabi | |
| Lexeme | patí (ਪਤੀ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Singh 1895: 886 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 46 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Fula | |
| Lexeme | jom | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Bah Saggitorde Oumar. Dictionnaire Pulaar-Français 2009 137 |
|
| NEW Realization 47 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Igbo | |
| Lexeme | di | |
| Meaning 1 | owner, master | di nwe ünö master of the house |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Echeruo 2001: 38 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 48 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Lao | |
| Lexeme | sá wăː míː (ສວາມີ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 49 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Manipuri (Meitei) | |
| Lexeme 1 | mapu (ꯃꯄꯨ) | |
| Lexeme 2 | ipuroiba (ꯏꯄꯨꯔꯣꯏꯕ) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (my) husband | |
| Reference | Sharma 2006: 22 | |
| Comment | [1pp‑owner‑to be‑Nom] |
|
| NEW Realization 50 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Assamese | |
| Lexeme | girī (গিৰী) | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Candrakānta abhidhāna: 295 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 51 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Kannada | |
| Lexeme | dhava (ಧವ) | |
| Meaning 1 | possessor | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Kittel 1968-1971: 871 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 52 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Udmurt | |
| Lexeme | хозяин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | хозяинэ мынам со This is my husband |
| Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| Comment | From Russian |
|
| NEW Realization 53 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Tver Karelian | |
| Lexeme | iz’än’d’ä | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Punžina 1994: 71 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 54 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Livvi-Karelian | |
| Lexeme | ižändü | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | husband | |
| Reference | Makarov 1990: 97 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 55 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme | хозяин | |
| Meaning 1 | owner | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (dialect) husband | Хозяин-то мой шофером на войне был, то и живой пришел My husband was a driver in the war, so he returned alive |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Словарь пермских говоров. Вып. 2. 507 |
|
Gedeo minika anna 'husband' lit. 'father of the house', 'owner of the house' from anna 'father', 'owner' (Wedekind)