apple
→
potato
23 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chuvash | |
| lexeme | улма | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | ||
| comment | The meaning of 'potatoe' is dialectal. The Standard Chuvash for potatoe is çĕр улми lit. 'earthern apple' (Дегтярев 2002, 51-52) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Dutch | |
| lexeme 1 | appel | |
| lexeme 2 | aardappel | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Mironov 1987 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Erzya | |
| lexeme 1 | умарь | |
| lexeme 2 | модамарь | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | рестазь модамарь roasted potatos |
| reference | Serebrennikov et al. 1993: 386, 694 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | Faroese | |
| lexeme | epli | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Sprotin.fo | |
| comment | The word originally meant apple (and still retains that sense in biblical and poetical context), but which has now become the common term for potato. Also rare jørðepli 'potato' from jørð 'ground'. For 'apple' was constructed new term súrepli (from sour) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Farsi | |
| lexeme 1 | سیب sib | |
| lexeme 2 | سیبزمینی sibzamini | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Rubinčik 1970: 2, 77-78 | |
| comment | zamin 'earth' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme 1 | Apfel | |
| lexeme 2 | Erdapfel | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Duden | |
| comment | Austria, Switzerland, Southern Germany. From Erde 'earth' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Hill Mari | |
| lexeme 1 | олма | |
| lexeme 2 | роколма | |
| meaning 1 | apple | олма кагыль apple pie |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | роколма potato soup |
| reference | Savatkova 2008 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Icelandic | |
| lexeme 1 | epli | |
| lexeme 2 | jarðepli | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | ISLEX | |
| comment | from jörð 'earth, ground' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Meadow Mari | |
| lexeme 1 | олма | |
| lexeme 2 | роколма | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | Олмапу пеледеш – роколма шындаш йӧра The apple tree will bloom. It's time to plant potatos |
| reference | Marij jylme muter | |
| comment | рок 'earth' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Norwegian | |
| lexeme 1 | eple | |
| lexeme 2 | jordeple | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | BO | |
| comment | Nynorsk (also Bokmål and Nynorsk potet 'potato'). jord 'earth, ground'. From Dutch aardappel | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme 1 | jabłko | |
| lexeme 2 | jabłko ziemne | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Miodek 2002: 800 | |
| comment | Obsolete. In Modern Polish ziemniak 'potato' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme 1 | poamă | |
| lexeme 2 | poamă-de-pământ | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) potato | |
| reference | Seche 2002 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | măr | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) potato | |
| reference | Seche 2002 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Romansh | |
| lexeme 1 | ||
| lexeme 2 | mailinterra | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Pledari | |
| comment | Vallader | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Evenki | |
| lexeme 1 | яблоко (jabloko) | |
| lexeme 2 | jaблака (Transbaikal dialect), jāвлик (Barguzin dialect) | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Anikin 2003: 726 | |
| comment | SSTM 1, 336 Meaning 'potato' existed already in Russian dialects. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | яблоко (jabloko) | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) potato | |
| reference | Anikin 2003: 726 | |
| comment | widespread in dialects of Siberia, also noted in Yaroslavl', Kostroma, Novgorod, Tver', Vologda. More often in plural яблоки, яблочки. Also земляное яблоко lit. 'earth apple' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Khakas | |
| lexeme 1 | яблоко (jabloko) | |
| lexeme 2 | яблах | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Anikin 2003: 726 | |
| comment | Meaning 'potato' existed already in Russian dialects. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Buriat | |
| lexeme 1 | яблоко (jabloko) | |
| lexeme 2 | яаблаха, яабал, jāбăлхă | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Anikin 2003: 726 | |
| comment | Meaning 'potato' existed already in Russian dialects. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Russian | |
| language 2 | Komi | |
| lexeme 1 | яблоко (jabloko) | |
| lexeme 2 | яблöг | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Anikin 2003: 726 | |
| comment | Middle Sysola dialect of Komi | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Tajiki | |
| lexeme 1 | себ | |
| lexeme 2 | себзаминӣ, себи заминӣ | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Raximi, Uspenskaja 1954: 352 | |
| comment | замин 'earth' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tver Karelian | |
| lexeme | juablokka | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | potato | juablokkua vaguol’l’ešša kodvazekši ando hevos’t’a He gave a horse for a little while to spud potatoes |
| reference | Punžina 1994: 75 | |
| comment | From Russian in both meanings. Also muajuablokka, miajiablokka lit. 'earth apple' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Udmurt | |
| lexeme | алма | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| comment | Also муалма 'potato'. Dialectal in both meanings. Main term for potato is картофка, main terms for apple are улмо and яблок. | |
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Motivation | |
| language | Western Armenian | |
| lexeme 1 | xnjor (խնձոր) | |
| lexeme 2 | getnaxnjor (գետնախնձոր) | |
| meaning 1 | apple | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | potato | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | 'earth apple' Łazaryan, Ṙ. S. (1981), Busanunneri hayeren-latineren-ṙuseren-angleren-franseren-germaneren baṙaran [Armenian–Latin–Russian–English–French–German Dictionary of Plant Names], Yerevan: University Press, § 212, page 21b |
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