enemy
→
war
4 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ifugaw | |
| lexeme | būhul | |
| meaning 1 | (Batad) an enemy of a village; i.e. a person of another village | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (Batad) wartime; for two or more hostile villages to engage in warfare against each other | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | Also Ifugaw búhul 'enemy'. Traditionally warfare was potentially engaged in with any village with which there was not a truce agreement (bayaw). Warfare was caused by disputes over territorial boundaries or use of public forests. Rampant and serious theft or more trivial matters could finally result in warfare. The heads of enemies killed in battle were taken, and sometimes hands or feet, and ceremonies involving these body parts performed | |
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Ilocano | |
| lexeme 1 | ka-búsor | |
| lexeme 2 | busór-en | |
| meaning 1 | enemy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | oppose, counteract, counterwork, antagonize, war against | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kankanaey | |
| lexeme | bóso | |
| meaning 1 | enemy, foe | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | war, warfare, battle, fight, engagement, combat, contest | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | Austronesian *busuR₁ 'enemy': Paiwan vutu ‘enemy’, ma-vutu ‘be at enmity’, ki-vutu ‘become the enemy of’, Yami vosoy ‘hatred, enemy’, Bontok búsul ‘enemy’, Ibaloy bosol ‘headhunter, bandit, raider’, Pangasinan bosól ‘enmity’, ka-bosól ‘enemy, foe; be enemies’, Bikol maki-búsog ‘struggle, grapple, fight with’, mag-busóg-an ‘struggle with one another’, b-ur-usóg-an ‘tug-of-war’, ma-ka-búsog ‘struggle, grapple, fight with’, Ngadha busu ‘enemy, foe; hostile; make an enemy of someone, not speak to one another’, Siraya vugog ‘enemy’. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme | hostis | |
| meaning 1 | enemy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | military campaign | desideratus hoste Gutica (CIL, III, 11700) |
| reference | ||
| comment | Бурсье 65 | |
Cf. also Mongolian dain 'war' - daisan 'enemy' which are most probably related, although the derivation pattern is not clear.