Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ancient Greek | |
| lexeme | ἔγχος | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | LSJ | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Casiguran Dumagat | |
| language 2 | Mongondow | |
| lexeme 1 | gayáŋ | |
| lexeme 2 | gayaŋ | |
| meaning 1 | spear, lance | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | ACD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Central Siberian Yupik | |
| language 2 | Greenlandic Inuit | |
| lexeme | pana | |
| meaning 1 | spear [also verbal] | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | large knife, sword | |
| reference | Fortescue et al. 2010: 272 | |
| comment | Proto-Eskimo pana 'lance': Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik panaq 'fish spear', Kenai Peninsula panak 'spear'; Central Alaskan Yupik panaq 'large spear, lance' [and panaR- 'spear']; Naukanski Siberian Yupik pana 'spear'; Sirenik pana 'spear'; Seward Peninsula Inuit pana 'long-handled spear' [Jen. = 'big two-edged knife']; North Alaskan Inuit pana 'spear, double-edged blade, porcupine quill' [and as verb = 'spear']; Western Canadian Inuit pana 'lance for killing enemies in war', Caribou 'point of caribou lance', 'snow knife (big rounded knife for cutting snow or ice e.g. when building an igloo)'; Eastern Canadian Inuit pana 'snow knife' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Internal cognates | |
| language | Evenki | |
| lexeme | tutekēn | |
| meaning 1 | (Podkanemmaya Tinguska) spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | SSTM: 2, 224 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kaingang | |
| lexeme | rɔŋro | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | IDS | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kemie | |
| lexeme | piɛʔ.33 | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | IDS | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kpelle | |
| lexeme | kpálá/gbala | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | EvoSem | |
| comment | The 𝓔𝓿𝓸𝕃𝕖𝕩 comparative dictionary of Mande by Valentin Vydrin |
|
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Mandinka | |
| lexeme | sóori, sóri | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | EvoSem | |
| comment | The 𝓔𝓿𝓸𝕃𝕖𝕩 comparative dictionary of Mande by Valentin Vydrin |
|
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Tibetan | |
| language 2 | Dimasa | |
| lexeme 1 | mduṅ | |
| lexeme 2 | thang | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | STEDT | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Udi | |
| lexeme | k'орди | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sable | |
| reference | Gukasjan 1974: 150 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Wapishana | |
| lexeme | čʰipʰirari | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | IDS | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yao (Tanzania) | |
| lexeme | lipanga | |
| meaning 1 | spear | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | sword | |
| reference | Nurse, Philippson 1975 | |
| comment | CLICS-3 |
|
Proto-Central Chadic: *gwas/č- 'spear', 'knife': Tera: gǝ̀s 'spear', Jara gas 'knife', Mafa=Matakam gwoš 'knife' (Afroasiatic etymology https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/query.cgi?basename=\data\semham\afaset&root=config&morpho=0 ).
Proto-Khoe : *||xàó 'spear, assegai': //Ani ||xáó, Kxoe (Hukwe) ||xàó, Buga ||xáó, Naro ||xàó, ||xàú, ||kàú, ||hàú 'knife, spear', |Gwi ||xáò; kxaui, //Gana kxaui, #Haba ||xáò, Tsaukwe ǂkxau 'assegai'; Deti ||xàó, Cara ||xàò 'hunting knife', Danisi ||xáó, Hietshware !khao 'assegai, javelin, lance', Sehura ǂkau 'knife, assegai', Mohissa $kāo 'assegai' (Barnard 93-94; Tanaka 90; Vossen 492; Bleek 667, 688; Dornan 102; Baucom 26; https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cbush%5Cckhet&first=1&off=&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=spear&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_kkh=&method_kkh=substring&ic_kkh=on&text_wkh=&method_wkh=substring&ic_wkh=on&text_ekh=&method_ekh=substring&ic_ekh=on&text_notes=&method_notes=substring&ic_notes=on&text_refer=&method_refer=substring&ic_refer=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&ic_any=on&sort=proto )