frog
→
tortoise, turtle
27 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Avar | |
| Lexeme 1 | къверкъ | |
| Lexeme 2 | щурункъверкъ | |
| Meaning 1 | frog, toad | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Gimbatov 2006 | |
| Comment | From шурун 'dish, cup'. Also dial. цІиликъверкъ (probably from цІил 'cartilage'), dial. тІалакъверкъ (probably from тІала 'floor, tier; layer; beehive; basket, box', тІакъна 'roof') | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Ossetian | |
| Language 2 | Farsi | |
| Lexeme 1 | хӕфс (xæfs) / хӕфсӕ (xæfsæ) | |
| Lexeme 2 | kašaf | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Abaev: IV, 162-163 | |
| Comment | Turtle in Ossetic is уӕртджы́н хӕфс (wærtǵýn xæfs) 'a frog with a shield'. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| Lexeme 1 | мэлхий (melxiy) | |
| Lexeme 2 | яст мэлхий (yast melxiy) | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | BAMRS 2001-2002 | |
| Comment | yast melxiy literally 'a frog with bones' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| Language 2 | Buriat | |
| Lexeme 1 | melxiy | |
| Lexeme 2 | melxei | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Šagdarov, Čeremisov 2010: 575 | |
| Comment | Khalkha form is from BAMRS. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | bağa | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | bağa tarak 'tortoise comb' |
| Reference | Baskakov 1977: 88 | |
| Comment | Also Turkish kaplumbağa 'turtle, tortoise' ('covered frog'), tosbağa (zoology) 'turtle' ('stone + frog'). The word tosbağa is only common in a zoological context, where it is used to make a distinction between turtles and tortoises. Except for that, most people use the word kaplumbağa for both of the animals | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme 1 | qurbağa | |
| Lexeme 2 | bağa | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | qurbağa qurultusu 'frog croaking' |
| Direction | ← | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | dǝniz bağası 'sea turtle' |
| Reference | Azǝrbaycanca rusca lüğǝt: I - 208, III - 218 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Low German | |
| Lexeme 1 | padde | |
| Lexeme 2 | schiltpadde | |
| Meaning 1 | toad | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Danish | |
| Lexeme 1 | padde | |
| Lexeme 2 | skildpadde | |
| Meaning 1 | amphibian | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Krymova et al. 2004 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Dutch | |
| Lexeme 1 | pad | |
| Lexeme 2 | schildpad | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Mironov 1987 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Estonian | |
| Lexeme 1 | konn | |
| Lexeme 2 | kilpkonn | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Finnish | |
| Lexeme 1 | konna | |
| Lexeme 2 | kilpikonna | |
| Meaning 1 | toad | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Vahros, Ščerbakov 2007 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Galician | |
| Lexeme 1 | sapo | |
| Lexeme 2 | sapoconcho | |
| Meaning 1 | toad | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | DRAG | |
| Comment | concho 'shelled' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | Kröte | |
| Lexeme 2 | Schildkröte | |
| Meaning 1 | toad | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Duden | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Hungarian | |
| Lexeme 1 | béka | |
| Lexeme 2 | teknősbéka | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | MEK 1978 | |
| Comment | From teknős 'testacean, testaceous' from teknő 'tortoise shell' + -s (suffix added to a noun to form an adjective meaning 'having something, a quality') . This word, though common, is often denounced on the grounds that this reptile has nothing to do with béka 'frog', an amphibian; the correct term being simply teknős (coinciding with the informal, elliptic form of the above). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Icelandic | |
| Lexeme 1 | skjöldur | |
| Lexeme 2 | skjaldbaka | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | ISLEX | |
| Comment | bak 'back' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Latvian | |
| Lexeme 1 | rupucis | |
| Lexeme 2 | bruņurupucis | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | bruņu genitive plural from bruņas 'armor' (plural only) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Kazakh | |
| Lexeme 1 | бақа | |
| Lexeme 2 | тасбақа | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Bashkir | |
| Lexeme 1 | баҡа | |
| Lexeme 2 | ташбаҡа | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | Ташбаҡа ҡабығы. 'Turtle shell.' |
| Reference | Axmerov K. et al. 1958 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Kyrghyz | |
| Lexeme 1 | бака | |
| Lexeme 2 | ташбака | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Judaxin (ed.) 1957 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Uzbek | |
| Lexeme 1 | baqa | |
| Lexeme 2 | toshbaqa | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Uighur | |
| Lexeme 1 | paqa | |
| Lexeme 2 | tashpaqa | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | West Frisian | |
| Lexeme 1 | podde | |
| Lexeme 2 | skyldpod | |
| Meaning 1 | toad | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Romanian | |
| Lexeme 1 | broască | |
| Lexeme 2 | broască-țestoasă | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | MDA2 | |
| Comment | 'shelled frog'; țestoasă is the feminine of țestos 'shelled', derived from țest 'shell', from Latin testum. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Aromanian | |
| Lexeme 1 | broascã | |
| Lexeme 2 | broascã tsãstoasã | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | DXOLA | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Cognates | |
| Language 1 | Romanian | |
| Language 2 | Albanian | |
| Lexeme 1 | broască | |
| Lexeme 2 | breshkë | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | from a Vulgar Latin *brosca, or *broscus, broxae 'frog' (compare Old French bruesche, Milanese Lombard brosco), from Ionic Ancient Greek βρόθακος | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Udmurt | |
| Lexeme 1 | бака | |
| Lexeme 2 | избака | |
| Meaning 1 | frog, toad | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| Comment | из 'stone' | |
| NEW Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Kubachi | |
| Lexeme 1 | хIитIа | |
| Lexeme 2 | вахъчиб хIитIа | |
| Meaning 1 | frog | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | tortoise, turtle | |
| Reference | Magomedov, Saidov-Akkutta 2017: 126, 402 | |
| Comment | 'a frog with a cup above' |
|
See also ESTYA II, p. 40 with thoroughful analysis of various forms in Turkic languages, derivates and historical development. Also a hypothetical pre-Roman substrate of Iberia *calap(p)acu (Portuguese cágado 'turtle', Galician cágado 'tadpole', Spanish galápago 'turtle' Catalan calàpet 'toad')