father
→
<exclamation of surprise, pain or sorrow>
12 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 | |
| 3706 | mother | → | <exclamation of surprise, pain or sorrow> | Open |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Azerbaijani | |
| lexeme 1 | dədə | |
| lexeme 2 | dədəm | |
| meaning 1 | daddy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | exclamation of fear or surprise | |
| reference | Azərbaycanca-rusca lüǧet 2006: 719 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hindi | |
| lexeme | bāp | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | exclamation of fear | |
| reference | Beskrovnyj 1959: 810 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kannada | |
| lexeme | appa | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | interjection denoting, surprise, pain, or grief | appa! oh, alas! |
| reference | Kannada-English Etymological Dictionary: 44 | |
| comment | Dictionary describes them as two different meanings, though our data proves there is one meaning and a semantic shift. [Smirnitskaya 2019] Also: ayyayyē/ ayyayyō, 'interjection expressing grief, surprise, compassion’ (ср. англ ah, alas! my goodness, ah, aha!), | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Khmer | |
| lexeme | pay | |
| meaning 1 | father (archaic) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | exclamation of surprise | |
| reference | SEAlang Khmer | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Kurux | |
| lexeme | babas | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | ||
| reference | Oraon-English Dictionary: 45 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Kuvi | |
| lexeme 1 | āba | |
| lexeme 2 | ābaliyo, ābalesa | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | ||
| reference | Israel_Grammar of Kuvi: 239 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malayalam | |
| lexeme | accan | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | ||
| reference | Gundert Malayalam dictionary: 9 | |
| comment | Also: appā, appappā, appaṭā - interjection of pain and surprise, from the stem appa 'father' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romani | |
| lexeme | даде | |
| meaning 1 | daddy | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | exclamation of surprise | |
| reference | Demeter, Demeter 1990: 61 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | батюшки, batûški | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | oj batûški moi! oh fathers mine! | |
| reference | Ефремова 2000 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | батеньки, baten’ki | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | Зайдешь в зало, картины-ти – батеньки! Zaydesh v zalo, kartiny-ti – batenjki! You go into the hall, pictures... - my dears! |
|
| reference | Kachinskaya 2018 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | appā | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | aiyō, appā! oh, father! | |
| reference | Tamil-Russian dictionary: 38 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Telugu | |
| lexeme 1 | abba | |
| lexeme 2 | abba (abbā or abbabbā) | |
| meaning 1 | father | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | an interjection of grief or admiration a common exclamation | |
| reference | Brown Telugu dictionary: 67 | |
| comment | Meaning 2: an interjection of grief or admiration a common exclamation. ~Ayyō! Also in other dictionary, Gwynn Telugu: "abbabbaa! interj. expressing distress or displeasure" (Gwynn 29). | |