Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Dane-zaa (Beaver) | |
| lexeme | klin | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse (Equus caballus) | |
| reference | Brown 1999: 28-29 | |
| comment | Also klin chok 'dog/horse large' = 'horse' | |
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Dogrib | |
| language 2 | Western Apache | |
| lexeme 1 | tłı̨ | |
| lexeme 2 | łį́į́ʼ | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | See comment to Navajo realization |
|
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Gugu-yimidjir | |
| lexeme | guguur | |
| meaning 1 | (avoidance language) dog, dingo | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | (avoidance language) horse | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | initially 'mouse, rat' |
|
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hupa | |
| lexeme | łingʼ | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Golla, Victor et al. (1996), Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition, Humboldt, California: Hoopa Valley Tribe From Proto-Athabaskan *ɬəŋʸ 'dog' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Slavey | |
| lexeme 1 | klin | |
| lexeme 2 | klintcho | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse (Equus caballus) | |
| reference | Brown 1999: 29 | |
| comment | 'dog big' | |
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Slavey | |
| language 2 | Navajo | |
| lexeme 1 | tlį | |
| lexeme 2 | łį́į́ʼ | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Proto-Athabaskan *ɬəŋʸ 'dog'. Upon the reintroduction of the horse to North America, the Navajo language transferred the usage of łį́į́ʼ to the horse (which became the new favored "pet" in Navajo culture), with the dog being referred to by a derived term, łééchąąʼí (literally “shit pet”), i.e. pet which eats excrement. Leer, Jeff (1996), Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon, volume *ɬa-ɬə, Alaska Native Language Archive, pages 32-33 |
|
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Cognates | |
| language 1 | Tai Nuea (Dehong) | |
| language 2 | Ahom | |
| lexeme 1 | máa (ᥛᥣᥴ) | |
| lexeme 2 | mā (𑜉𑜡) | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Pittayaporn P. The Phonology Of Proto-Tai, 2009 From Proto-Tai *ʰmaːᴬ (“dog”). Cognate with Aiton မႃ (mā), Tai Nüa ᥛᥣᥴ (máa), Thai หมา (mǎa), Lao ໝາ (mā), Lü ᦖᦱ (ṁaa), Tai Dam ꪢꪱ, Shan မႃ (mǎa), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ, Zhuang ma, Saek หม่า |
|
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yir Yoront | |
| lexeme | kurta | |
| meaning 1 | dog | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | horse | |
| reference | Alpher 1991 | |
| comment | ||