The Database of Semantic Shifts in the languages of the world

ID	Relation type	Meaning 1	Direction	Meaning 2

Comment
Ср. франц. bouche рот, щека

ACCEPTED Realization 1
type		Polysemy
language		Abaza
lexeme		t͡ʃ’a
meaning 1	mouth	st͡ʃ’a qst’ət’ I opened my mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face	at͡ʃ’a dʒdʒara to wash one's face
reference		Tugov 1967
comment

NEW Realization 2
type		Polysemy
language		Abkhaz
lexeme		аҿы
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference		Genko 1998: 344
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 3
type		Polysemy
language		Aghul
lexeme		k'ampur
meaning 1	eye
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference
comment		In some dialects it has both meanings (Ag., Ker., Burk.), in other (Hp., Tsir.) it means only 'chin'.

ACCEPTED Realization 4
type		Polysemy
language		Ancient Greek
lexeme		στόμα
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference		LSJ
comment		LSJ 1648-1649

ACCEPTED Realization 5
type		Polysemy
language		Assamese
lexeme		muh
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 6
type		Polysemy
language		Assamese
lexeme		mukh (মুখ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 7
type		Polysemy
language		Bengali
lexeme		mukh (মুখ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 8
type		Polysemy
language		Croatian
lexeme		labrnja
meaning 1	mouth	dobiti (dati) po labrnji to be slapped in mouth/ to slap somebody in his/her mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	muzzle (pejor.)
reference		HJP
comment

NEW Realization 9
type		Polysemy
language		Georgian
lexeme		ṗiri (პირი)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference		English Wiktionary
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 10
type		Polysemy
language		Gujarati
lexeme		mõ (મોં)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 11
type		Polysemy
language		Gujarati
lexeme		moḍhũ (મોઢું)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 12
type		Polysemy
language		Gujarati
lexeme		mukh (મુખ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 13
type		Polysemy
language		Hindi
lexeme		mũh (मुँह)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Bahri 1989
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 14
type		Polysemy
language		Hindi
lexeme		mukh (मुख)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 15
type		Cognates
language		Hunzib
lexeme		šik'u
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference
comment		ГРС 182

ACCEPTED Realization 16
type		Polysemy
language		Maharashtri Prakrit
lexeme		muha (????????????)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Turner Indo-Aryan Comparative Dictionary
comment		Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 141. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206278/page/n141/mode/2up Woolner, Alfred Cooper, An Introduction to Prakrit‎, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1917, page 13. https://archive.org/stream/introductiontopr00woolrich#page/13/mode/2up Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [Pāia-Sadda-Mahaṇṇavo; lit. Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 695. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sheth_query.py?page=695

ACCEPTED Realization 17
type		Polysemy
language		Malayalam
lexeme		mukhaṁ (മുഖം)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Gundert Malayalam dictionary
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 18
type		Polysemy
language		Marathi
lexeme		mukh (मुख)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Molesworth 1857
comment		Berntsen, Maxine, A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983 https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/berntsen_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes

ACCEPTED Realization 19
type		Polysemy
language		Nepali
lexeme		mukh (मुख)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 20
type		Polysemy
language		Newar
lexeme		hmutu
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Jørgensen, Hans. A dictionary of the classical Newārī. København, Levin & Munksgaard, Ejnar Munksgaard, 1936. P. 148

ACCEPTED Realization 21
type		Polysemy
language		Old Marathi
lexeme		mukha
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Tulpule, Shankar Gopal; Feldhaus, Anne, A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999 https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tulpule_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact

ACCEPTED Realization 22
type		Polysemy
language		Pali
lexeme		mukha
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=mukha&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=mukha&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact

ACCEPTED Realization 23
type		Polysemy
language		Punjabi
lexeme		mū̃h (ਮੂੰਹ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024 http://dic.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx?look=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B9

ACCEPTED Realization 24
type		Polysemy
language		Punjabi
lexeme		mukh (ਮੁਖ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024 http://dic.learnpunjabi.org/default.aspx?look=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96 Singh, Bhai Maya (1895) The Panjabi Dictionary, Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact

ACCEPTED Realization 25
type		Polysemy
language		Rajasthani
lexeme		mū̃ḍau (मूंडौ)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Bhanwar Lal Suthar and Sukhveer Singh Gahlot (1998), Rajasthani-Hindi-English Dictionary, page 274. Jodhpur: Bharat Printers (Press)

ACCEPTED Realization 26
type		Polysemy
language		Romani
lexeme		muj
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		<personally collected data>
comment		Kalderaš Romani Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pages 186b-187a

ACCEPTED Realization 27
type		Cognates
language 1		Russian
language 2		Czech
lexeme 1		губа (guba)
lexeme 2		huba
meaning 1	lip
direction	—
meaning 2	muzzle (animal)
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 28
type		Polysemy
language		Sanskrit
lexeme		ānana
meaning 1	mouth, chaps
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		MW
comment		MW139, Кочергина 94

ACCEPTED Realization 29
type		Polysemy
language		Sanskrit
lexeme		āsya
meaning 1	mouth, chaps; tongue
meaning 2	face
reference
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 30
type		Polysemy
language		Sanskrit
lexeme		múkha (मुख)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		MW: 819
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 31
type		Polysemy
language		Serbian
lexeme		губица (gubica)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	muzzle
reference		Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 234
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 32
type		Polysemy
language		Serbian
lexeme		лабрња (labrnja)
meaning 1	mouth (pejor.)	Dobićete , bogami , po labrnji zbog ovoga. You will be slapped in your mouth, I swear to God, for this.
direction	→
meaning 2	muzzle
reference		Vujanitsh et al. 2007: 622
comment		Possibly a borrowing from the Italian labbro 'lip'

ACCEPTED Realization 33
type		Polysemy
language		Shauraseni Prakrit
lexeme		muha (????????????)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Turner Indo-Aryan Comparative Dictionary
comment		Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 141. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206278/page/n141/mode/2up Woolner, Alfred Cooper, An Introduction to Prakrit‎, Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1917, page 13. https://archive.org/stream/introductiontopr00woolrich#page/13/mode/2up Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928) पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [Pāia-Sadda-Mahaṇṇavo; lit. Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 695. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sheth_query.py?page=695

ACCEPTED Realization 34
type		Polysemy
language		Telugu
lexeme		vāyi (వాయి)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	→
meaning 2	face
reference		Brown Telugu dictionary: 1161
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 35
type		Polysemy
language		Telugu
lexeme		mukhamu (ముఖము)
meaning 1	mouth
direction	—
meaning 2	face
reference		Brown Telugu dictionary: 996
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 36
type		Polysemy
language		Thai
lexeme		múk (มุข)
meaning 1	face
direction	—
meaning 2	mouth
reference		SEAlang Thai
comment

ACCEPTED Realization 37
type		Polysemy
language		Tibetan
lexeme		kha
meaning 1	mouth
meaning 2	face
reference
comment		Рерих I, 228.