grandfather
→
old man
43 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Aromanian | |
| lexeme | tot | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | DXOLA | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Aromanian | |
| lexeme | pap | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | DXOLA | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Balinese | |
| lexeme | kaki | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | any old man | |
| reference | SEALang Balinese | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Balinese | |
| lexeme | wayah | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEALang Balinese | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Belarusan | |
| lexeme | дзед | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | Slounik.org | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Bulgarian | |
| lexeme | дядо | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | RNBE | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Derivation | |
| language | Burmese | |
| lexeme 1 | a.bhui: (အဘိုး) | |
| lexeme 2 | a.bhui:kri: (အဘိုးကြီး) | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEAlang Burmrse | |
| comment | 'big grandfather' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | gramps | |
| meaning 1 | (colloquial, humorous) grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (by extension) old man | Hey gramps, get off the road! |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Hill Mari | |
| lexeme | тьотя | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | Тьотяжы ыныкажым пиш яратен (Никандр Ильяков). The grandfather loved his grandson very much. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | Теве кого пандашан тьотя лӓктеш (Никандр Ильяков). Here comes a bearded old man. |
| reference | Marij jylme muter | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Indonesian | |
| lexeme | kaki | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEALang Indonesia | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Indonesian | |
| lexeme | kék | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEALang Indonesia | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ingrian | |
| lexeme | äijä | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 695 |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Italian | |
| lexeme | nonno | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | Zor'ko et al. 2002 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Itelmen | |
| lexeme | дьэдьучӽ | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | PIRS: 56 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Japanese | |
| lexeme | jī (爺) | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | also ojii-san (お爺さん) 'old man', 'grandfather' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Javanese | |
| lexeme | kaki | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Komi | |
| lexeme | пӧль | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | пӧльыс тӧдлӧма вӧр-валысь гусяторъяс his grandfather knew the secrets of nature |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | дзор пӧль gray-haired old man |
| reference | Beznosikova et al. 2000 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Korean | |
| lexeme | harabeoji (할아버지) | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | elderly man | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | often as a polite replacement for a second person singular pronoun (너 (neo) or 당신 (dangsin) |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lao | |
| lexeme | pʰȕː tʰȁo | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lao | |
| lexeme | pɛ́ʔ | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man; elder | |
| reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| comment | From Chinese | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lao | |
| lexeme | ay ɲā ka | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man, patriarch | |
| reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| comment | From Pali | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lao | |
| lexeme | pūː câu | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man; patriarch | |
| reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Latin | |
| lexeme | avus | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | Lewis, Short | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Lower Sorbian | |
| lexeme | źěd | |
| meaning 1 | (rare) grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malay | |
| lexeme | datok | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | a senior | |
| reference | SEALang Malay | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Manchu | |
| lexeme | mafa | |
| meaning 1 | paternal grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Maori | |
| lexeme | pōua | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | Tahi: Kei te mōhio koe ki te kaumātua rā? Rua: Āe, ko tōku nā pōua tērā Tahi: Do you know that elder over there? Rua: Yes, that's my grandfather. |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old person, elderly man | Ko Huriwhenua tonu tōna ingoa whakahua ki ngā pōua me ngā tāua o Ngāi Tahu Older people of Ngāi Tahu continued to call him Huriwhenua. |
| reference | MD | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Meadow Mari | |
| lexeme | коча | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | Уныка пала: коча йодмым шукта (Петр Корнилов) The grandson knows: the grandfather will fulfill the request. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | Шыдешкен ойла орол коча (Мирон Большаков) The old guard speaks angrily. |
| reference | Marij jylme muter | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Modern Greek | |
| lexeme | παππούς | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | Ο παππούς μου πολέμησε στον Βʹ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. My grandpa fought in World War II. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | Πρόσεξε, παππού, μη σε πατήσει κανένα αμάξι καθώς περνάς το δρόμο. Careful, gramps, that a car doesn't run you over as you cross the road. |
| reference | DSMG | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Modern Mon | |
| lexeme | lɛ̀ˀ | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | elderly person | |
| reference | SEAlang Mon | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Polish | |
| lexeme | dziadek | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (colloquial) old man | |
| reference | WSJP | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 32 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Portuguese | |
| lexeme | avô | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 33 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Quechua | |
| lexeme | awki | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 34 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | auș | |
| meaning 1 | (rare, obsolete) grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (rare, obsolete) old man | |
| reference | DER | |
| comment | Probably from Latin avus, normally resulting in *au, with a diminutive suffix -uș added. Was once found in the Oltenia region but has disappeared from spoken language. |
|
| NEW Realization 35 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | bunic | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (regional) term of address to an old man | |
| reference | Румынско-русский словарь 1954 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 36 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Romanian | |
| lexeme | moş | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | DEX98 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 37 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Russian | |
| lexeme | дед | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 38 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | abuelo | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 39 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tagalog | |
| lexeme | ingkong | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEAlang Tagalog | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 40 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Tamil | |
| lexeme | tāttā | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | aged man | |
| reference | Tamil lexicon: 1829 | |
| comment | Also: derivation "mūtātai" from stem "mūtu" meaning "old age" (Tamil Lexicon 3323) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 41 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Udmurt | |
| lexeme | бабай | |
| meaning 1 | (dialect) grandfather | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) term of addression to an old man | |
| reference | Kirillova 2008 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 42 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Ukrainian | |
| lexeme | дід | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | Родинне коло діда оточило, Сини та дочки, й молоді онуки (Леся Українка) The family circle of the grandfather surrounded, Sons and daughters, and young grandchildren |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SUM-11 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 43 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Vietnamese | |
| lexeme | ông | |
| meaning 1 | grandfather | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | old man | |
| reference | SEAlang Vietnamese | |
| comment | ||