carriage
→
automobile, car
24 realizations
Multi-area
Related shifts
| ID | Relation type | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
-
Comment
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Chukchee | |
| lexeme | ковлёргоор, ковлёрвоор | |
| meaning 1 | cart (a simple, open four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle for transporting cargo and/or people) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | |
| reference | Moll, Inènlikèj 1957: 53 | |
| comment | Also 'tractor' |
|
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Croatian | |
| lexeme | kola | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | borna kola battle chariot |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | luksuzna kola, sportska kola luxury car, sports car |
| reference | HJP | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | English | |
| lexeme | car | |
| meaning 1 | (dated) a wheeled vehicle, drawn by a horse or other animal; a chariot. | He has deserved it [armour], were it carbuncled Like holy Phoebus’ car. ( William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Act IV, Scene 8) |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | wheeled vehicle that moves independently, with at least three wheels, powered mechanically, steered by a driver | She drove her car to the mall. |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | char | |
| meaning 1 | chariot, carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (Acadian French, New Brunswick, Quebec, Louisiana, Cajun French, Missouri) car, auto | |
| reference | <personally collected data> | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Semantic evolution | |
| language | French | |
| lexeme | voiture | |
| meaning 1 | (historical) car (wheeled vehicle usually pulled by a horse) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | car (motorized vehicle) | |
| reference | CNRTL Robert historique | |
| comment | From Latin vectura 'transpontation', 'wagon' |
|
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | French | |
| language 2 | Algerian Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | carrosse | |
| lexeme 2 | kaṛṛōṣa, kāṛūṣa, karrūṣa, karroussa, kaṛṛōṣa, karossa | |
| meaning 1 | carriage (luxury horse-drawn vehicle) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | French | |
| language 2 | Tunisian Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | char-à-bancs | |
| lexeme 2 | karhba (كرهبة) | |
| meaning 1 | charabanc | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | English Wiktionary WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | Likely from French carabas, itself a contraction of char-à-bancs. Could also be from Italian carrabile. |
|
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | French | |
| language 2 | Libyan Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | char-à-bancs | |
| lexeme 2 | karhba (كرهبة) | |
| meaning 1 | charabanc | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dated) automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 English Wiktionary | |
| comment | Likely from French carabas, itself a contraction of char-à-bancs. Could also be from Italian carrabile. |
|
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | French | |
| language 2 | Algerian Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | char-à-bancs | |
| lexeme 2 | krāhәb | |
| meaning 1 | charabanc | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (pl.) automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | German | |
| lexeme | Wagen | |
| meaning 1 | cart (drawn by a person, by horses, by oxen, etc) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | |
| reference | DWDS | |
| comment | From Middle High German wagen, from Old High German wagan, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn. |
|
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Italian | |
| language 2 | Maltese | |
| lexeme 1 | carrozza | |
| lexeme 2 | karrozza | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Malay | |
| lexeme | kĕreta | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | |
| reference | SEALang Malay | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Omani Arabic | |
| language 2 | Ki-Nubi (Nubi) | |
| lexeme 1 | gāri (قاري) | |
| lexeme 2 | gári | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 429 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Omani Arabic | |
| language 2 | Swahili | |
| lexeme 1 | gāri (قاري) | |
| lexeme 2 | gari | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | English Wiktionary | |
| comment | Through Persian gārī / gâri (گاری). Or directly from Hindustani (Hindi गाड़ी (gāṛī) / Urdu گاڑی (gāṛī)) Brook, Zev (2022), “Which Arabic Dialect Are Swahili Words From?”, in Studia Orientalia Electronica, volume 10, number 1, page 4 of 1-10: “Whatever the exact realization, /g/ in the donor dialect was clearly somewhat palatal and equated with the native Swahili phoneme /ɟ ~ dʒ/ by Africans. Two notable exceptions are gari ‘car’ (from OAr gāri) and gunia ‘sack’ (from OAr gūnyje norm. gūnīye).” |
|
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Ottoman Turkish | |
| language 2 | Egyptian Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | araba (عربه) | |
| lexeme 2 | arabiyyah | |
| meaning 1 | carriage, usually or traditionally two-wheeled | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Ottoman Turkish | |
| language 2 | Sudanese Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | araba (عربه) | |
| lexeme 2 | arabīye, arabīya, arabiyya, arabiyya, arabíya | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (dialect) automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Borrowing | |
| language 1 | Ottoman Turkish | |
| language 2 | Anatolian Arabic | |
| lexeme 1 | araba (عربه) | |
| lexeme 2 | araba, arabāy, arabī | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile, car | |
| reference | WAD: II, 428 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Rengao | |
| lexeme | xe | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | xe kapò̀ buffalo cart |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | xe jip Jeep |
| reference | Gregerson & Gregerson 2026: 161 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Serbian | |
| lexeme | кола (kola) | |
| meaning 1 | carriage | Grmljavina je tutnjava njegovih kola, kojima se on vozi po nebu i oblacima. Thunder is the rumble of his chariot that he drives through the sky and clouds. |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | Četri sata je izjutra, parkiram kola i ulazim u kuću. It's four in the morning, I park my car and enter the house |
| reference | CLARIN.SI | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Somali | |
| lexeme | gaari | |
| meaning 1 | cart | |
| direction | — | |
| meaning 2 | automobile | |
| reference | Alejnikov 2012: 118 | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | carro | |
| meaning 1 | cart | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (especially in Central America, the Caribbean, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and all of Mexico except Central Mexico)) automobile | |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Spanish | |
| lexeme | coche | |
| meaning 1 | carriage, coach (a wheeled vehicle, generally drawn by horse power) | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | (chiefly Spain, Mexico) car (a wheeled vehicle that moves independently) | Mi coche tiene una avería My car has broken down. |
| reference | DRAE | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yuwaalaraay | |
| lexeme | wilbaarr | |
| meaning 1 | cart | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | car | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 142 | |
| comment | ||
| NEW Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| type | Polysemy | |
| language | Yuwaalayaay | |
| lexeme | wilbaarr | |
| meaning 1 | cart | |
| direction | → | |
| meaning 2 | car | |
| reference | Ash et al. 2003: 142 | |
| comment | ||