gold
→
platinum
31 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| ACCEPTED Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Avar | |
| Lexeme 1 | месед | |
| Lexeme 2 | хъахIаб месед | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | Gimbatov 2006 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Bashkir | |
| Lexeme 1 | алтын | |
| Lexeme 2 | aҡ алтын | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | Аҡ алтын ятҡылыҡтарының төп өлөшө (90 %) биш илдең ер аҫтында ята. Был илдәр: КАР (Бушвельд комплексы), АҠШ, Рәсәй, Зимбабве, Ҡытай. The main share of platinum deposits (90%) lies in the land of five countries. Countries: CAR (Bushwell Complex), USA, Russia, Zimbabwe, China. |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Buriat | |
| Lexeme 1 | алтан | |
| Lexeme 2 | сагаан алтан | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | Šagdarov, Čeremisov 2010: 2, 134 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Burmese | |
| Lexeme 1 | sw̥èi | |
| Lexeme 2 | sw̥èi byù | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Burmrse | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Danish | |
| Lexeme 1 | guld | |
| Lexeme 2 | hvide guld, hvidguld | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (XVIII c.) platinum | |
| Reference | ODS | |
| Comment | In modern language platin. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Dutch | |
| Lexeme 1 | goud | |
| Lexeme 2 | witgoud | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | Ruim veertig Jaaren geleeden is in Zuid-Amerika, en wel byzonderlyk in of aan de Rivier Pinto van Peru, een byzonder Metaal ontdekt, dat men gemeenlyk Wit Goud noemt; hoewel het veel van het Boheemsche verschilt, daar zekere Albinus van spreekt (Martinus Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. III, 1, 83 [1780]) More than forty years ago, in South America, especially in or on the Pinto River of Peru, a special metal was discovered, commonly called White Gold; although it differs much from the Bohemian, certain Albinus speaks of it |
| Reference | HWNF | |
| Comment | In modern language platina. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | English | |
| Lexeme 1 | gold | |
| Lexeme 2 | white gold | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | From the associated metals it was named by J F. L. Hausmann polyxene (Gr. πολίς, many, and ξένος, a guest), whilst from its occurrence as a white metal in auriferous alluvia it is sometimes known to miners as “white gold.” (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911) |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Erzya | |
| Lexeme 1 | сырне | |
| Lexeme 2 | ашо сырне | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | Ашо сырне (Pt) — те химиянь элемент, металл. Атомонь номерэзэ — 78. Platinum (Pt) is a chemical element, a metal. Atomic number - 78. |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Also платина. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Farsi | |
| Lexeme 1 | talâ | |
| Lexeme 2 | talâ sefid (طلای سفید) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | |
| Reference | Hayyim 1934-1936: 2, 310 | |
| Comment | In modern Farsi pelâtin | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme 1 | or | |
| Lexeme 2 | or blanc | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | |
| Reference | CNRTL | |
| Comment | In modern language platine. "Ancien nom du platine" (Brard "Nouveaux Elements De Mineralogie" 1838) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | German | |
| Lexeme 1 | Gold | |
| Lexeme 2 | Weiszgold | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | |
| Reference | DWB (Der Grimm) | |
| Comment | In modern language Platin | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Indonesian | |
| Lexeme 1 | emas | |
| Lexeme 2 | emas putih | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEALang Indonesia | |
| Comment | calque of Dutch witgoud. In modern language also platina | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Japanese | |
| Lexeme 1 | kin (金) | |
| Lexeme 2 | hakkin (白金) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Originally from Middle Chinese 白金 'white' + 'gold / metal' in reference to silver. Consider 銀 (shirogane, older shirokane, 'silver', literally 'white metal'), where shiro in isolation is spelled 白 and kane in isolation is spelled 金. Repurposed by Japanese scientist Udagawa Yōan in 1834 as a compound of 白 (haku 'white') + 金 (kin 'gold'), in reference to the metal's description as 'white gold' in earlier scientific works, such as Dutch witgoud. Also プラチナ (purachina). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Korean | |
| Lexeme 1 | geum (금) | |
| Lexeme 2 | baekgeum (백금) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Sino-Korean word from 白金, from 白 (“white”) + 金 (“gold”), an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 白金 (hakkin). Also peullaetina (플래티나). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Lak | |
| Lexeme 1 | муси | |
| Lexeme 2 | кIяла муси | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | Khajdakov 1962: 172 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Lao | |
| Lexeme 1 | kham (ຄຳ) | |
| Lexeme 2 | kham khāo (ຄຳຂາວ) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| Comment | khāo (ຂາວ) 'white' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Lao | |
| Lexeme 1 | tʰɔ̑ːŋ (ທອງ) | |
| Lexeme 2 | tʰɔ̑ːŋ kʰɛ̆ː (ທອງ ແຂ) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Lao | |
| Comment | kʰɛ̆ː (ທອງ ແຂ) 'moon'. 'white as a moon' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Malay | |
| Lexeme 1 | mas | |
| Lexeme 2 | emas putih, emas puteh | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (dated) platinum | Platinum (simbol: Pt) atau nama lamanya emas putih ialah sejenis logam kimia keunsuran yang mempunyai nombor atom 78. Platinum (symbol: Pt) or the old name white gold is a chemical elemental metal with atomic number 78. |
| Reference | SEALang Malay | |
| Comment | Also platinum, platina. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme 1 | jīn (金) | |
| Lexeme 2 | báijīn (白金) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | BKRS | |
| Comment | Middle Chinese compound 白金 'white' + 'gold / metal' meant 'silver'. The element name was coined by William A. P. Martin (1827–1916), also known as Dīng Wěiliáng (丁韙良), an American Presbyterian missionary to China and translator in his Gewu Rumen (格物入門, Introduction to Natural Philosophy) of 1868 (Hao Chang 2018). Also 鉑 铂 (bó). | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Modern Greek | |
| Lexeme 1 | χρυσός | |
| Lexeme 2 | λευκόχρυσος | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | Ο λευκόχρυσος ανήκει στη γ' σειρά των μεταβατικών μετάλλων (ή στοιχείων) ή στοιχείων μετάπτωσης. Platinum belongs to the third series of transition metals (or elements) or transition elements. |
| Reference | DSMG | |
| Comment | NB λευκός χρυσός 'white gold, an alloy of gold and at least one white metal (usually nickel, silver, or palladium)'. Ancient Greek λευκόχρυσος 'gem with pale golden color'. In modern language also πλατίνα. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Modern Mon | |
| Lexeme 1 | thɔ (ထဝ်) | |
| Lexeme 2 | thɔ kəmaoˀ (ထဝ် ကၟု) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Mon | |
| Comment | kəmaoˀ 'to be white' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Modern Mon | |
| Lexeme 1 | thɔ (ထဝ်) | |
| Lexeme 2 | thɔ hətaiŋ (ထဝ် ဗ္တာၚ်) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Mon | |
| Comment | hətaiŋ 'to be white (chiefly of natural species and minerals)' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 23 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Mongolian (Khalkha) | |
| Lexeme 1 | алт | |
| Lexeme 2 | цагаан алт | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | Цагаан алт нь алтнаас (Алт C1063 градуст хайлдаг) ч хавьгүй өндөр буюу C-ийн 1768 градуст хайлдаг, хатуулгаараа ч хол давуу, мөнгөлөг өнгийн байгалийн хамгийн ховор, үнэт металл. Platinum is much higher than gold (gold melts at C1063 degrees) or melts at 1768 degrees C, and is far superior in hardness, and is the rarest and most precious silver metal in nature. |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | Also платин. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 24 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Punjabi | |
| Lexeme 1 | soná | |
| Lexeme 2 | safaid soná | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | |
| Reference | Singh 1895: 984 | |
| Comment | In modern language palaiṭīnama | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 25 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Russian | |
| Lexeme 1 | золото | |
| Lexeme 2 | белое золото | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete and regional) platinum | |
| Reference | Berezovič, Kučko 2020: 8, 10-11 | |
| Comment | Middle Ural, first half of XIX c. Also лягушачье золото lit. 'frog gold'. In modern language платина | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 26 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Shan | |
| Lexeme 1 | kʰam4 ( ၶမ်း) | |
| Lexeme 2 | kʰam4 pʰɤk2 ( ၶမ်းၽိူၵ်ႇ) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Shan | |
| Comment | pʰɤk2 'to be white' | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 27 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Swedish | |
| Lexeme 1 | guld | |
| Lexeme 2 | vittguld, vitt guld, hwittguld | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (obsolete) platinum | Platina är en .. Metall, som mycket liknar Guld, men är tyngre och hwit til färgen, hwarföre den ock kallas Hwittguld (Regnér, Gustaf Första begreppen av de nödigaste vettenskaper. Till svenska barns tjänst. Stockholm, 1780, 196) Platinum is a .. Metal, which is very similar to Gold, but is heavier and white to the color, which is why it is also called White Gold |
| Reference | SAOB | |
| Comment | Cronstedt, Axel Fredric Försök til mineralogie, eller mineral-rikets upställning. Stockholm, 1758; Retzius, Anders Jahan Försök til mineral-rikets upställning. I en handbok at nyttja vid föreläsningar. Lund, 1795, 304. In modern language platina. | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 28 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Tamil | |
| Lexeme 1 | taṅkam | |
| Lexeme 2 | veḷḷaittaṅkam, veḷḷittaṅkam | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | Tamil lexicon: 3801, S417 | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 29 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Tatar | |
| Lexeme 1 | алтын | |
| Lexeme 2 | агалтын | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | Иң күп агалтын чыгаручы илләр (2015, тонналарда): КАҖ (110), Россия (25), Зимбабве (11), Канада (7,2), АКШ (3,7) Leading platinum mining countries (2015, in tons): CIS (110), Russia (25), Zimbabwe (11), Canada (7.2), USA (3.7) |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| ACCEPTED Realization 30 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Thai | |
| Lexeme 1 | tʰɔɔŋ (ทอง) | |
| Lexeme 2 | tʰɔɔŋ ˈkʰǎaw (ทองขาว) | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | platinum | |
| Reference | SEAlang Thai | |
| Comment | ˈkʰǎaw 'to be white'. Also plɛɛ-tí-nâm (แพลทินัม) | |
| ACCEPTED Realization 31 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Derivation | |
| Language | Vietnamese | |
| Lexeme 1 | kim | |
| Lexeme 2 | bạch kim | |
| Meaning 1 | gold | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (trading, otherwise dated) platinum | |
| Reference | Bùi Hiền 2017: 28 | |
| Comment | Sino-Vietnamese word from 白金, composed of 白 'white' and 金 'gold; metal'. Also platin. | |
Literally ‘white gold’ in all realizations. The name comes from the metal's descriptions as 'white gold' in earlier scientific works. Probably the first example was in 1752 Swedish chemist Henrik Scheffer’s paper ("Das weisse Gold oder siebente Metall, in Spanien Platina del Pinto, Kleines Silber von Pinto genannt, seiner Natur nach beschrieben," Crell's Neues chem. Archiv, 5, 103-6 (1786), Chem. Abh. konigl schw Akad., 1752, pp. 275-82) which contained detailed scientific description of the platinum, which he referred to as "white gold" (Weeks 1960, 416-417). In the languages of Western Europe, such names existed in the 18th - early19th c., and then became obsolete, being replaced by words derived from the Spanish platina. Still in use in Modern Greek. The secondary area of ‘white gold = platinum’ arose in Southeast and East Asia due to the semantic borrowing of Dutch witgoud ‘white gold’ into Malay, Chinese and other languages of the region (for some languages, Chinese has been a source). In Japanese ‘white gold’ came directly from Dutch due to Udagawa Yōan (1798 –1846) who was a scholar of Western studies, or "Rangaku", and created many new scientific terms in his Introduction to Chemistry (舎密開宗, Seimi Kaisō, 1837), a compilation of scientific books in Dutch. Probably, the Russian белое золото ‘white gold’ was semantically borrowed into some languages of the Russian Empire / USSR, in which ‘white gold’ serves as the main term for platinum. The Mongolian name is most likely a semantic loan from Chinese.