wild, untamed
→
rude, impolite
22 realizations
Related shifts
| ID | Meaning 1 | Direction | Meaning 2 |
| NEW Realization 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Modern Written Arabic | |
| Lexeme | waḥšiyy- وَحْشِىّ | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | brutish, savage, barbarious, uncivilized | |
| Reference | Wehr: 1238 Lane: 2929 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | salvaje | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | ganso salvaje 'wild goose' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (about a person) wild; rude | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 3 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | montaraz | |
| Meaning 1 | wild (of animal) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | wild, rough (i.e. not quite civilized) | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 4 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Spanish | |
| Lexeme | cimarrón | |
| Meaning 1 | feral (having returned to the wild) med | Y entonces comprendí que así como el caballo americano, lo mismo que el toro, que corre libre por montes y llanos, no es el caballo salvaje, sino el caballo cimarrón, el caballo doméstico vuelto a la vida bravía y salvaje, […] (Miguel de Unamuno, Nelson R. Orringer, Americanidad) 'And then I realised that, like the american horse, and the same for the bull, that runs free around the mountains and plains, isn’t the wild horse, but rather the feral horse, the domestic horse that returned to a wild and savage life, […]' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (about a person) wild; rude | |
| Reference | Narumov 1995 | |
| Comment | Latin America | |
| NEW Realization 5 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Italian | |
| Lexeme | selvaggio | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | animali selvaggi 'wild animals' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, ill-mannered | |
| Reference | Zor'ko et al. 2002 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 6 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Italian | |
| Lexeme | selvatico | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude | |
| Reference | Zor'ko et al. 2002 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 7 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | selvagem | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | ill-mannered, rude | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 8 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | French | |
| Lexeme | sauvage | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | animaux sauvages 'wild animals' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | wild (of a person) | mœurs sauvages 'savage manners' |
| Reference | NFRS | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 9 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese | |
| Lexeme | yě (野) | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | Yě dào (野稻), yě gǒu (野狗) 'wild rice; wild dog, dingo' |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, uncivilized, uncouth (also self-deprecating "mine"), savage, barbaric; unbridled, unbridled; naughty, headstrong, wayward; rampant; restive | Cǐ fēi jūnzǐ zhī yán, qí dōng yěrén zhī yǔ yě (此非君子之言, 齐东野人之语也); Fàngle jī tiān jiǎ, xīn dōu wán yěle (放了机天假, 心都玩野了) 'This is not the words of a gentleman, but the words of the villain Eastern Qi; completely spoiled for a few days of vacation' |
| Reference | BKRS | |
| Comment | 'countryside; field; outskirts; wilderness plain; open country; open space area; region; boundary'. Phono-semantic compound: semantic 田 'field' + semantic 土 'earth' + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ). From a hypothetical common Sino-Tibetan *la 'area far from settlements; wilderness': compare Tibetan la 'mountain pass; hillside; mountainslope' (Schuessler, 2007); possibly related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *laʔ 'to spread, extend': Khmer liə 'to unfold, spread, open out' (Schuessler, 2007); or from a Sino-Tibetan root meaning 'hut; pantry': compare Tibetan lhas 'pen; fold; cattle enclosure' (Starostin). Also Mandarin Chinese yěmāo (野猫) 'wild cat', 'unbridled, rude'. | |
| NEW Realization 10 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | agrestis | |
| Meaning 1 | not tamed or domesticated (of animals) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | boorish, coarse, clumsy, uncivilizated; also unsophisticated, simple (of persons; of speech, behaviour, qualities etc.) | |
| Reference | Glare: 90-91 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Latin | |
| Lexeme | ferus | |
| Meaning 1 | undomesticated, not tame, wild | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, barbarous, rude, rough; not amenable to restraint, disobedient, unruly; high-spirited, unsubdued; aggresive, fierce, ferocious, warlike; savage; cruel, ruthless, inhuman | |
| Reference | Glare: 692-693 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 12 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Burmese | |
| Lexeme | yáĩ | |
| Meaning 1 | wild; untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude, uncouth, uncivilized; inexperienced, unfamiliar | |
| Reference | SEAlang Burmrse | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 13 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Indonesian | |
| Lexeme | liar | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed, undomesticated | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, uncultured, primitive, barbaric, savage, wild; illegal, unlawful, outlawed, unauthorized; irregular | |
| Reference | SEALang Indonesia | |
| Comment | meliarkan 'to drive someone wild'; 'to free (a domesticated animal in the jungle in order to increase the jungle population of that species), to return (an animal) to the wild'. | |
| NEW Realization 14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Javanese | |
| Lexeme | bandhol | |
| Meaning 1 | (of horses) wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | impolite, insolent | |
| Reference | SEAlang Javanese | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 15 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Classical Armenian | |
| Lexeme | gazan (գազան) | |
| Meaning 1 | wild predatory beast | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (figuratively) brutal, beastly man | |
| Reference | Petrosean, Matatʿeay 1879 | |
| Comment | Modern Armenian gazan (գազան) wild beast; (figuratively) brute, cruel man; adj. brutal, bestial; atrocious, savage. An Iranian borrowing: compare Middle Persian gzytn (gazīdan), Persian gazidan 'to bite, sting', gazân 'biting'. | |
| NEW Realization 16 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Brazilian Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | bagual | |
| Meaning 1 | an untamed horse | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uncouth; crude (of a person) | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 17 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | bravio | |
| Meaning 1 | feral, wild | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | uneducated, uncivilized | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 18 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Portuguese | |
| Lexeme | fero | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, predatory | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rustic, uncultivated | |
| Reference | Feerštejn, Starec 2005 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 19 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Turkish | |
| Lexeme | vahşi | |
| Meaning 1 | predator (animal) | |
| Direction | — | |
| Meaning 2 | uncivilized, uncultured; (metaphor) rude, disrespectful, unfit | |
| Reference | TDKS | |
| Comment | From Arabian waḥš 'wild animal' | |
| NEW Realization 20 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Azerbaijani | |
| Lexeme | vəhşi | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed (of animals) | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | at the level of primitive culture, uncivilized; strange, ridiculous; unbridled, frantic, indomitable (of emotions etc.); rude, not characteristic of a cultured society, backward; barbaric, cruel | |
| Reference | ARL 2006: 750 | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 21 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Bulgarian | |
| Lexeme | див | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | диво животно 'wild animal' |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | (figuratively) savage, barbaric, uncivilized; rough, furious | |
| Reference | <personally collected data> | |
| Comment | ||
| NEW Realization 22 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type | Polysemy | |
| Language | Nganasan | |
| Lexeme | бахи | |
| Meaning 1 | wild, untamed | |
| Direction | → | |
| Meaning 2 | rude person | |
| Reference | Kosterkina, Momde, Ždanova 2001: 21 | |
| Comment | ||