cattle tapir 4 realizations Multi-area
NEW Realization 1
type Derivation
language Dutch
lexeme 1 koe
lexeme 2 boskoe
meaning 1 cow
direction
meaning 2 (Surinam) tapir
reference <personally collected data>
comment 'forest cow'
NEW Realization 2
type Polysemy
language Nheengatu
lexeme tapiira
meaning 1 cattle (Bos taurus)
direction
meaning 2 tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
reference Avila 2021: 733
comment
NEW Realization 3
type Polysemy
language Old Tupian
lexeme tapi'ira
meaning 1 cattle (Bos taurus)
direction
meaning 2 tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
reference Navarro 2013: 62–463
comment

With the advent of colonization, Tupians used the names of similar native animals to call the unknown species brought by the Europeans. Neologisms were then created by using eté (“true”) and eŷmbaba / mimbaba (“domestic animal”) as a form to differentiate the old and new species, respectively.

Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014), Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus (Arquivos NEHiLP; 3) (in Portuguese), São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, page 252

Jehan Lamy (c. 1540), Le langaige du breſiL, page 54, line 88
André Thevet (1557–1558), Les singularitez de la France Antarctique, Paris: Maurice de La Porte, page 96

NEW Realization 4
type Polysemy
language Spanish
lexeme 1 vaca
lexeme 2 sachavaca
meaning 1 cow
direction
meaning 2 (Ecuador, Peru) tapir
reference DAMER
comment 'false cow'